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The straight or branched structure formation of actin filaments is controlled by nucleating proteins such as the formins and Arp2/3 complex. Formin-mediated assembly results in straight filaments, whereas Arp2/3 protein complex-mediated assembly results in branched actin filaments.
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Filopodia are thin, actin-rich cellular protrusions that play an important role in many fundamental cellular functions. They vary in their occurrence, length, and positioning in different cell types, suggesting their diverse roles.
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Filamentation as primitive growth mode?

Erwan Bigan1, Jean-Marc Steyaert, Stéphane Douady

  • 1Laboratoire d'Informatique (LIX), École Polytechnique, F-91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France. Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, UMR7057 CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, F-75205 Paris Cedex 13, France.

Physical Biology
|January 1, 2016
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cellular osmotic pressure affects shape. Flexible protocell membranes balancing osmotic pressure lead to filamentation or growth failure, suggesting filamentation as a primitive growth mode. Growth is enhanced by internal chemical insulation.

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Area of Science:

  • Origin of life studies
  • Cellular biophysics
  • Theoretical biology

Background:

  • Osmotic pressure is a key factor influencing cellular shape and volume.
  • Growing cells experience changes in osmolarity due to metabolic processes.
  • Understanding early cell growth mechanisms is crucial for origin of life research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between osmotic pressure, membrane flexibility, and protocell growth.
  • To explore potential primitive growth modes in early cellular systems.
  • To identify conditions favoring protocell growth and stability.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a protocell model with random conservative chemical reaction networks.
  • Simulated protocells with highly flexible membranes that rapidly adjust to osmotic pressure.
  • Employed mathematical modeling and analysis to prove observed behaviors.

Main Results:

  • Protocells with quasi-instantaneously shape-adjusting membranes exhibited either filamentous growth or failed to grow.
  • This behavior was mathematically proven to be a consequence of balanced osmotic pressure.
  • Protocell growth was found to be favored when certain chemical species were internally insulated from the external medium.

Conclusions:

  • Filamentation may represent a primitive cellular growth mode driven by basic physical principles of osmotic balance.
  • Internal chemical insulation, achieved through specific chemical schemes, is essential for robust protocell growth.
  • Modern cells utilize active transport (e.g., phosphotransferase system) for such essential insulation.