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Related Concept Videos

Hormones of the Pituitary Gland01:27

Hormones of the Pituitary Gland

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The small, pea-sized pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain. It is crucial in regulating various bodily functions, from growth to reproduction. The gland is divided into the anterior lobe and the posterior lobe. The secretory cell clusters in the pars distalis of the anterior pituitary lobe are controlled by hypothalamic regulators and synthesize six primary hormones.
The most abundantly secreted hormone from the anterior lobe is the growth hormone, which controls overall growth by...
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The Pituitary Gland01:17

The Pituitary Gland

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The pituitary is a small endocrine organ in the sphenoid bone under the hypothalamus. Primarily, the pituitary in adults has two distinct anatomical and functional regions— the anterior and posterior lobes. During human fetal development, a third pituitary gland region called the pars intermedia atrophies and disappears. However, some of its cells migrate and exist adjacent to the anterior pituitary in adults.
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Major Hormones and Their Functions01:27

Major Hormones and Their Functions

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Hormones, the biochemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, are pivotal in regulating bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. Each hormone's balance is crucial; imbalances can lead to significant physiological disruptions. Major hormones include oxytocin, cortisol, epinephrine, estrogen, testosterone, thyroxine, growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon.
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Psychosis: Pathophysiology of Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders01:27

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Schizophrenia is a neurodevelopmental disorder whose origins are rooted in complex genetic components. Despite our burgeoning understanding, the pathophysiology of this disorder remains incompletely deciphered.
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Regulation of Hormone Secretion01:19

Regulation of Hormone Secretion

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Regulation of hormone secretion is a finely tuned orchestration driven by various types of stimuli, encompassing neural, humoral, and hormonal signals. Environmental cues instigate neural stimuli, where action potentials traverse nerve fibers to reach their designated targets. An illustrative scenario is the body's response to stress, wherein the sympathetic nervous system releases epinephrine from the adrenal glands, inducing the well-known 'fight or flight' reaction.
Humoral...
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Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis01:37

Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis

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The response to stress—be it physical or psychological, acute or chronic—involves activation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis. The HPA axis is part of the neuroendocrine system because it involves both neuronal and hormonal communication. Its function is to regulate homeostatic systems—metabolic, cardiovascular, and immune—providing the necessary means to respond to a stressor.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 28, 2026

Development of Organoids from Mouse Pituitary as In Vitro Model to Explore Pituitary Stem Cell Biology
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Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Pituitary Pathogenesis.

Melanie Sapochnik1, Leandro Eduardo Nieto1, Mariana Fuertes1

  • 1Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA)-CONICET-Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, C1425FQD, Buenos Aires, Argentina.

Biochemical Genetics
|January 1, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Pituitary tumors remain benign due to senescence, a cell cycle arrest mechanism. Pituitary tumor transforming gene (PTTG) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) activate senescence, explaining the tumors

Keywords:
IL-6OISPTTGPituitary tumorsSenescence

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Oncology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Pituitary tumors arise from genetic and epigenetic alterations.
  • Most pituitary adenomas are benign, suggesting intrinsic regulatory mechanisms.
  • Senescence is a cell cycle arrest that prevents malignancy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of senescence in pituitary tumor development.
  • To explore the involvement of pituitary tumor transforming gene (PTTG) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in pituitary tumor senescence.
  • To understand the mechanisms underlying the benign nature of pituitary adenomas.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of mechanisms involved in anterior pituitary cell transformation and tumorigenesis.
  • Investigation of oncogene activation, tumor suppressor gene inactivation, epigenetic changes, and microRNA deregulation.
  • Study of the role of cytokines, specifically IL-6, in pituitary physiology and tumor growth.

Main Results:

  • PTTG, an oncogene, triggers senescence by activating DNA-damage signaling.
  • IL-6 exhibits dual function: stimulating tumor cell growth while inhibiting normal pituitary cell proliferation.
  • IL-6 plays a key role in promoting and maintaining tumor senescence.

Conclusions:

  • Senescence, induced by PTTG and mediated by IL-6, is a crucial mechanism explaining the benign nature of pituitary tumors.
  • Understanding these pathways could offer insights into pituitary tumor management.
  • Further research into senescence regulation in pituitary adenomas is warranted.