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Related Concept Videos

Next-generation Sequencing03:00

Next-generation Sequencing

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The first human genome sequencing project cost $2.7 billion and was declared complete in 2003, after 15 years of international cooperation and collaboration between several research teams and funding agencies. Today, with the advent of next-generation sequencing technologies, the cost and time of sequencing a human genome have dropped over 100 fold.
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In the same year as the discovery of the Sanger sequencing method, another group of scientists, Allan Maxam and Walter Gilbert, demonstrated their chemical-cleavage method for DNA sequencing. The Maxam-Gilbert method relies on using different chemicals that can cleave the DNA sequence at specific sites, the separation of resulting DNA fragments of variable size using electrophoresis, and deciphering the DNA sequence from the resulting gel bands.
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RNA sequencing, or RNA-Seq, is a high-throughput sequencing technology used to study the transcriptome of a cell. Transcriptomics helps to interpret the functional elements of a genome and identify the molecular constituents of an organism. Additionally, it also helps in understanding the development of an organism and the occurrence of diseases. 
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DNA sequencing is a fundamental technique that is routinely used in the biological sciences. This method can be applied to a range of questions at different scales - from the sequencing of a cloned DNA fragment or the study of a mutation in a gene up to whole-genome sequencing. However, despite the widespread use of sequencing today, it was not until 1977 that Fredrick Sanger and his collaborators developed the chain-termination method to decode DNA sequences. It relies on the separation of a...
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Genomics02:02

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Genomics is the science of genomes: it is the study of all the genetic material of an organism. In humans, the genome consists of information carried in 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus, as well as mitochondrial DNA. In genomics, both coding and non-coding DNA is sequenced and analyzed. Genomics allows a better understanding of all living things, their evolution, and their diversity. It has a myriad of uses: for example, to build phylogenetic trees, to improve productivity and...
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Genome Annotation and Assembly03:36

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The genome refers to all of the genetic material in an organism. It can range from a few million base pairs in microbial cells to several billion base pairs in many eukaryotic organisms. Genome assembly refers to the process of taking the DNA sequencing data and putting it all back together in a correct order to create a close representation of the original genome. This is followed by the identification of functional elements on the newly assembled genome, a process called genome annotation.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 28, 2026

Novel Sequence Discovery by Subtractive Genomics
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Sequencing the exposome: A call to action.

Dean P Jones1

  • 1Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta GA 30322 USA.

Toxicology Reports
|January 2, 2016
PubMed
Summary

High-resolution metabolomics (HRM) offers an affordable method to analyze environmental exposures and biological responses. This approach is key to developing a universal exposure surveillance system for sequencing the exposome and improving environmental health.

Keywords:
Mass spectrometryanalytical chemistrybiomonitoringenvironmental surveillancemetabolomics

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Health Sciences
  • Metabolomics
  • Genomics

Background:

  • The exposome encompasses all environmental exposures and behaviors influencing health, complementing the genome.
  • Understanding the exposome is complex, involving cumulative exposures and biological responses.
  • Existing research highlights the need for systematic monitoring of environmental factors in disease etiology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review high-resolution metabolomics (HRM) as a practical and affordable method for exposome research.
  • To assess HRM's suitability for a universal exposure surveillance system.
  • To explore complementary approaches for advancing exposome theory and data generation.

Main Methods:

  • Review of high-resolution metabolomics (HRM) applications in exposome research.
  • Discussion of HRM's role in analyzing environmental chemicals and biological responses.
  • Consideration of experimental studies, longitudinal data, and animal models for exposome sequencing.

Main Results:

  • HRM is a successful and affordable approach for broad-spectrum analysis of environmental chemicals and biological responses.
  • HRM can be implemented in a prototype universal exposure surveillance system.
  • Systematic monitoring of exposures can partition the exposome into manageable components, generating valuable quantitative data.

Conclusions:

  • HRM is a vital tool for "sequencing the exposome" and advancing environmental health.
  • Developing systematic exposure monitoring builds upon exposure science and connects external factors to body burden.
  • International collaboration is essential for sequencing the human exposome, improving disease prediction, and promoting healthy environments.