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Related Concept Videos

Lampbrush Chromosomes01:51

Lampbrush Chromosomes

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In 1882, Flemming observed lampbrush chromosomes (LBC) in salamander eggs. Later in 1892, Rückert observed LBCs in shark egg cells and coined the term "lampbrush chromosomes" because they looked like brushes used to clean kerosene lamps.
LBCs are made up of two pairs of conjugating homologous chromatids. Each chromatid consists of alternatively positioned regions of condensed-inactive chromatin and loosely placed-active side loops, which can be contracted and extended. The loops...
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In 1866, Gregor Mendel published the results of his pea plant breeding experiments, providing evidence for predictable patterns in the inheritance of physical characteristics. The significance of his findings was not immediately recognized. In fact, the existence of genes was unknown at the time. Mendel referred to hereditary units as “factors.”
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Most DNA resides in the nucleus of a cell. However, some organelles in the cell cytoplasm⁠—such as chloroplasts and mitochondria⁠—also have their own DNA. These organelles replicate their DNA independently of the nuclear DNA of the cell in which they reside. Non-nuclear inheritance describes the inheritance of genes from structures other than the nucleus.
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Polytene Chromosomes02:04

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Polytene chromosomes are giant interphase chromosomes with several DNA strands placed side by side. They were discovered in the year 1881 by Balbiani in salivary glands, intestine, muscles, malpighian tubules, and hypoderm of larvae Chironomus plumosus. Hence, these are also called "Salivary gland chromosomes." These are found in insects of the order Diptera and Collembola; in certain organs of mammals; and synergids, antipodes of flowering plants. Polytene chromosomes are also...
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In 1928, a German botanist Emil Heitz observed the moss nuclei with a DNA binding dye. He observed that while some chromatin regions decondense and spread out in the interphase nucleus, others do not. He termed them euchromatin and heterochromatin, respectively. He proposed that the heterochromatin regions reflect a functionally inactive state of the genome. It was later confirmed that heterochromatin is transcriptionally repressed, and euchromatin is transcriptionally active chromatin.
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Production of Double-stranded DNA Ministrings
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Plant minichromosomes.

James A Birchler1, Nathaniel D Graham1, Nathan C Swyers1

  • 1Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States.

Current Opinion in Biotechnology
|January 2, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Plant minichromosomes offer a way to stack multiple traits separately from the main genome. Combining them with doubled haploid breeding can accelerate trait transfer and large-scale genome editing in plants.

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Area of Science:

  • Plant biotechnology
  • Genetics
  • Molecular biology

Background:

  • Plant minichromosomes can carry multiple traits independently of the main genome.
  • They serve as valuable genetic tools for introducing new plant properties.
  • Telomere-mediated chromosomal truncation is the preferred method for creating plant minichromosomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the potential of plant minichromosomes for stacking multiple traits.
  • To investigate the use of minichromosomes as genetic tools for plant improvement.
  • To combine minichromosomes with doubled haploid breeding for efficient trait transfer and genome editing.

Main Methods:

  • Telomere-mediated chromosomal truncation for minichromosome production.
  • Utilizing the challenges of incomplete haploid induction to our advantage.
  • Integration of minichromosomes with doubled haploid breeding techniques.

Main Results:

  • Minichromosomes provide an independent platform for stacking multiple transgenes.
  • The epigenetic nature of centromere function poses challenges for minichromosome stability.
  • Incomplete haploid induction can lead to the presence of inducer line chromosomes.

Conclusions:

  • Plant minichromosomes combined with doubled haploid breeding can streamline the transfer of stacked traits.
  • Minichromosomes hold significant potential for large-scale genome editing applications in plants.
  • Further research is needed to overcome challenges related to centromere function and minichromosome stability.