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Red blood cells  (RBCs) transport oxygen to all body tissues. These cells survive only for 120 days and then need to be replenished. Erythropoiesis is the process of RBC production. In healthy individuals, erythropoiesis ensures all tissues are amply supplied with oxygen. In addition, blood loss due to injury leads to a drop in the physiological oxygen level that will cause erythropoiesis. Any defect in erythropoiesis leads to several physiological disorders, including thalassemia, anemia,...
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Erythrocytes, also known as red blood cells, constantly move through blood capillaries. As a result, they damage their plasma membrane due to the continuous friction. Typically, after 100 to 120 days, erythrocytes become rigid and fragile as they wear out. As they pass through small vessels in the spleen and liver, they can get trapped and break apart into fragments.
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Blebs are a type of membrane protrusion formed by the internal hydrostatic pressure of the cytoplasm. Blebs are observed in several cell types, including fibroblasts, immune cells, and single-celled organisms like the amoeba. The primary function of blebs is cell locomotion and apoptosis, but they are also found during necrosis and cell division. The life cycle of a bleb comprises an initiation phase followed by the expansion and retraction phases.
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There are between 4.2 and 6 million erythrocytes, also known as red blood cells, in every microliter of blood. These cells are small, flattened biconcave discs with centers that are depressed.
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Eukaryotic cells have different motor proteins for transporting various cargo within the cell. These motor proteins differ based on the filament they associate with, the direction they move within the cell, and the type of cargo they transport. Motor proteins that associate with microtubules are known as microtubule-associated motor proteins. There are two families of microtubule-associated motor proteins —Kinesins and Dyneins. Both these proteins assist in the transport of cellular...
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After folding, the ER assesses the quality of secretory and membrane proteins. The correctly folded proteins are cleared by the calnexin cycle for transport to their final destination, while misfolded proteins are held back in the ER lumen. The ER chaperones attempt to unfold and refold the misfolded proteins but sometimes fail to achieve the correct native conformation. Such terminally misfolded proteins are then exported to the cytosol by ER-associated degradation or ERAD pathway for...
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Identification of a Murine Erythroblast Subpopulation Enriched in Enucleating Events by Multi-spectral Imaging Flow Cytometry
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Erythroblast enucleation is a dynein-dependent process.

Isuzu Kobayashi1, Kumi Ubukawa1, Kotomi Sugawara2

  • 1Department of Hematology, Nephrology, and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Akita University, Akita, Japan.

Experimental Hematology
|January 3, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Dynein, a motor protein, is essential for mammalian erythroblast enucleation, the process of red blood cell nucleus expulsion. While microtubule-organizing centers (MTOCs) are involved in cell division, dynein plays a critical role in enucleation, independent of MTOCs.

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In Situ Exploration of Murine Megakaryopoiesis using Transmission Electron Microscopy
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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Hematopoiesis
  • Molecular Motors

Background:

  • Erythroblast enucleation, crucial for red blood cell formation, shares similarities with cytokinesis.
  • Microtubule-organizing centers (MTOCs) are vital for mitosis and cytokinesis, but their role in erythroblast enucleation is unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of MTOCs and their regulators in human erythroblast enucleation.
  • To determine the specific molecular mechanisms underlying enucleation.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized human colony-forming units-erythroid (CFU-Es) and mature erythroblasts derived from CD34(+) cells.
  • Applied various MTOC inhibitors, including EHNA (dynein inhibitor), monastrol (kinesin Eg5 inhibitor), and inhibitors of Plk-1, aurora A, aurora B, and PI3K.
  • Assessed effects on cytokinesis and enucleation, and analyzed protein expression during terminal differentiation.

Main Results:

  • EHNA, monastrol, and MTOC regulator inhibitors (ON-01910, MLN8237, hesperadin, LY294002) inhibited CFU-E cytokinesis.
  • Only EHNA significantly blocked erythroblast enucleation.
  • Terminally differentiated erythroblasts predominantly expressed dynein, with minimal detection of other tested proteins.
  • Dynein inhibition impaired nuclear polarization, a key step in enucleation.

Conclusions:

  • Human erythroblast enucleation is largely independent of MTOCs.
  • Dynein is essential for both erythroblast cytokinesis and enucleation.
  • Nuclear polarization, mediated by dynein, is a critical determinant of successful enucleation.