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A pulmonary embolism occurs when a thrombus, amniotic fluid, tumor tissue, fat, or air embolus blocks one or more pulmonary arteries. Effective nursing management and patient education are crucial for improving outcomes and preventing recurrence.Nursing management starts with obtaining a comprehensive patient history, particularly noting any history of deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Assess for clinical manifestations, including dyspnea, chest pain, crackles, heart murmurs, and signs of right-sided...
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Diagnosing Pulmonary EmbolismDiagnosing pulmonary embolism (PE) involves clinical assessment and advanced imaging tests. The preferred diagnostic tool is the spiral (helical) CT scan or CT angiography (CTA), which uses intravenous contrast media to visualize the pulmonary vasculature and identify emboli.A ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scan is an alternative for patients unable to receive contrast media. This scan includes both perfusion and ventilation scanning. Perfusion scanning involves...
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Pulmonary embolism (PE) occurs when a thrombus, fat or air embolus, amniotic fluid, or tumor tissue blocks one or more pulmonary arteries. These blockages originate in the venous system or the right side of the heart.EtiologyPE primarily arises from deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and other hypercoagulable states, such as inherited thrombophilias. Additional etiological factors include venous stasis, commonly seen in obesity, and endothelial injury from surgery and trauma. Less common causes include...
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Venous thrombosis requires effective prevention and treatment strategies to improve patient outcomes and reduce potential complications.Prevention StrategiesHealthcare providers must prioritize preventing venous thromboembolism (VTE) for all adult patients upon admission. Interventions depend on bleeding and thrombosis risk, medical history, current medications, diagnoses, planned procedures, and patient preferences. Patients on bed rest should change positions every two hours and, if not...
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Noncoding RNA NORAD Regulates Genomic Stability by Sequestering PUMILIO Proteins.

Sungyul Lee1, Florian Kopp2, Tsung-Cheng Chang2

  • 1Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-9148, USA; Pathobiology Graduate Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.

Cell
|January 4, 2016
PubMed
Summary

The long noncoding RNA NORAD maintains genomic stability by controlling PUMILIO proteins. Its absence causes aneuploidy, highlighting NORAD's critical role in preventing chromosomal instability.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) regulate numerous biological processes.
  • The function of many lncRNAs, including LINC00657, remains poorly understood.
  • DNA damage can induce specific lncRNA expression.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To functionally characterize the lncRNA LINC00657, termed NORAD (noncoding RNA activated by DNA damage).
  • To investigate NORAD's role in maintaining genomic stability.
  • To elucidate the mechanism by which NORAD influences PUMILIO protein activity.

Main Methods:

  • Functional analysis of LINC00657 (NORAD) in human cell lines.
  • Assessment of aneuploidy and chromosomal instability.
  • Investigation of PUMILIO protein interactions and function.
  • Analysis of mRNA targets regulated by PUMILIO proteins.

Main Results:

  • NORAD is a highly conserved and abundant lncRNA induced by DNA damage.
  • Inactivation of NORAD leads to significant aneuploidy in stable cell lines.
  • NORAD maintains genomic stability by sequestering PUMILIO proteins.
  • Absence of NORAD results in hyperactive PUMILIO proteins, causing chromosomal instability by repressing key cell cycle and repair factors.

Conclusions:

  • NORAD plays a critical role in maintaining genomic stability.
  • NORAD regulates PUMILIO protein activity, a conserved family of RNA-binding proteins.
  • PUMILIO proteins, regulated by NORAD, are essential for preventing chromosomal instability.