Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

T Cell Types and Functions

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Tailoring Cu<sup>+</sup>-O<sub>v</sub>-Ti Ensembles with Electrophilic O<sup>-</sup> Species for Enhanced Catalytic Toluene Oxidation.

Environmental science & technology·2026

Same author

Isolation and whole-genome sequencing of antibiotic-resistant bacteria revealed the reservoir for indigenous antibiotic resistance genes in the deepest ocean sediment of the Challenger Deep.

Marine pollution bulletin·2026

Same author

Transcriptome Analysis of Adipose Tissues from Five Sheep Breeds Reveals Key Genes Involved in Fat Deposition.

Genes·2026

Same author

Remimazolam Inhibits Neuronal Apoptosis, Inflammation, and Ferroptosis in Cerebral Infarction via Promoting TRIM67-Mediated Degradation of ACSL4.

Journal of biochemical and molecular toxicology·2026

Same author

Topical Application of Artesunate Ameliorates Psoriatic Keratinization and Inflammation via Molecular Modulations Based on Both Human and Mouse Models.

ACS omega·2026

Same author

Single-Cell Profiling Reveals Divergent Mechanisms of Fibrosis in Localized Scleroderma and Systemic Sclerosis.

Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.)·2025

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 28, 2026

Isolating Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells and CD4+ T cells from Sézary Syndrome Patients for Transcriptomic Profiling

Isolating Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells and CD4+ T cells from Sézary Syndrome Patients for Transcriptomic Profiling

Published on: October 14, 2021

New insights into CD4(+) T cell abnormalities in systemic sclerosis.

Mengguo Liu¹, Wenyu Wu², Xinfen Sun²

¹Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Urumqi Road, Shanghai 200040, PR China; Department of Dermatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, PR China.

Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews

|January 4, 2016

Summary

Systemic sclerosis involves CD4(+) T cells, including Th17 and Treg cells, driving inflammation and fibrosis. New subsets like Th9 and Th22 also contribute to scleroderma pathogenesis.

Keywords:

Systemic Sclerosis Th17 cells Th22 cells Th9 cells Treg cells

More Related Videos

Isolation of CD4+ T-cells and Analysis of Circulating T-follicular Helper cTfh Cell Subsets from Peripheral Blood Using 6-color Flow Cytometry

Isolation of CD4+ T-cells and Analysis of Circulating T-follicular Helper cTfh Cell Subsets from Peripheral Blood Using 6-color Flow Cytometry

Published on: January 7, 2019

Imaging CD4 T Cell Interstitial Migration in the Inflamed Dermis

Imaging CD4 T Cell Interstitial Migration in the Inflamed Dermis

Published on: March 25, 2016

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 28, 2026

Isolating Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells and CD4+ T cells from Sézary Syndrome Patients for Transcriptomic Profiling

Isolating Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells and CD4+ T cells from Sézary Syndrome Patients for Transcriptomic Profiling

Published on: October 14, 2021

Isolation of CD4+ T-cells and Analysis of Circulating T-follicular Helper cTfh Cell Subsets from Peripheral Blood Using 6-color Flow Cytometry

Isolation of CD4+ T-cells and Analysis of Circulating T-follicular Helper cTfh Cell Subsets from Peripheral Blood Using 6-color Flow Cytometry

Published on: January 7, 2019

Imaging CD4 T Cell Interstitial Migration in the Inflamed Dermis

Imaging CD4 T Cell Interstitial Migration in the Inflamed Dermis

Published on: March 25, 2016

Area of Science:

Immunology
Rheumatology
Pathogenesis of Autoimmune Diseases

Background:

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an autoimmune disease marked by fibrosis and organ damage.
CD4(+) T cell activation is central to SSc, releasing cytokines that cause inflammation, vascular damage, and fibrosis.
Key T helper cell subsets in SSc include T helper 17 (Th17) and regulatory T (Treg) cells, known for inducing inflammation and fibrosis.

Purpose of the Study:

To review recent findings on CD4(+) T helper cell subsets in Systemic Sclerosis.
To discuss the potential roles of these diverse T cell subsets in SSc pathogenesis.

Main Methods:

Review of recent scientific literature and data.
Analysis of studies investigating T cell subsets in SSc patients.
Examination of cytokines associated with different T cell subsets.

Main Results:

CD4(+) T cell activation is a critical factor in SSc.
Th17 and Treg cells are prominently involved in SSc.
Emerging evidence highlights roles for Th9 and Th22 cells in SSc pathology.

Conclusions:

Various CD4(+) T helper cell subsets play significant roles in the inflammatory and fibrotic processes of Systemic Sclerosis.
Further research into these T cell subsets may reveal new therapeutic targets for SSc.