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Related Concept Videos

Functions of the Gut Microbiota01:18

Functions of the Gut Microbiota

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The gut microbiota includes trillions of microorganisms that colonize the human gastrointestinal tract, including bacteria, archaea, viruses, and fungi. This complex ecosystem plays a critical role in maintaining intestinal and systemic health. Most of these microbes inhabit the large intestine, establishing a relatively stable and diverse community that contributes to gut homeostasis through various metabolic, immunological, and protective mechanisms.Dominant bacterial phyla, such as...
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Microbiota of the Large Intestine01:27

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The large intestine hosts the most densely populated microbial ecosystem in the human body. This complex community primarily consists of anaerobic bacteria, with Bacillota (formerly Firmicutes) and Bacteroidota (formerly Bacteroidetes) as the predominant groups. The distribution of these microbes varies along different sections of the large intestine, influenced by local environmental factors such as oxygen availability and nutrient composition.The cecum, located at the beginning of the large...
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Microbiota of the Stomach and Small Intestine01:27

Microbiota of the Stomach and Small Intestine

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The human gastrointestinal (GI) tract is characterized by distinct physicochemical conditions that shape its microbial communities. Among these, the stomach presents a particularly challenging environment for microbial colonization due to its highly acidic pH, ranging from 1 to 3. This extreme acidity effectively limits microbial density. However, certain acid-tolerant microorganisms are capable of surviving in this niche. Notably, Helicobacter pylori can colonize the gastric mucosa,...
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Gut-Brain Axis01:22

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The gut–brain axis is a bidirectional communication system that connects the gastrointestinal tract and the brain. This interaction is mediated through multiple pathways, including the vagus nerve, hormonal signals, immune responses, and chemical messengers produced by gut microbes.Microbial Contributions to Brain FunctionGut microbiota contributes significantly to brain function by producing neuroactive compounds. These include neuroactive compounds that influence neurotransmitters such...
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Development of Human Microbiota01:30

Development of Human Microbiota

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The human microbiota begins developing at birth and undergoes continual change as we age. Infancy marks a critical period of microbial sensitivity, offering a “window of opportunity” during which beneficial microbes help mature the immune system. By age three, children typically develop a more stable and diverse microbial community. Newborns acquire microbes from their immediate environment; vaginal delivery favors maternal vaginal microbes, while cesarean births favor microbes from...
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Anatomy of the Intestines01:23

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Although digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids may begin in the stomach, it is completed in the intestine. The absorption of nutrients, water, and electrolytes from food and drink also occurs in the intestine. The intestines can be divided into two structurally distinct organs—the small and large intestines.
Small Intestines
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Microbiota Analysis Using Two-step PCR and Next-generation 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing
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Gut Microbiota and Celiac Disease.

Giovanni Marasco1, Anna Rita Di Biase2, Ramona Schiumerini3

  • 1Department of Medical and Surgical Science, University of Bologna, 40138, Bologna, Italy. giovannimarasco89@gmail.com.

Digestive Diseases and Sciences
|January 4, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Celiac disease involves innate immunity and gut microbiota changes. Patients show reduced beneficial bacteria and increased harmful species, a condition called dysbiosis, which may persist even on a gluten-free diet.

Keywords:
Celiac diseaseDysbiosisGluten-free dietGut microbiotaProbiotic

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Gastroenterology
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Innate immunity plays a key role in celiac disease pathogenesis.
  • Gut microbiota interacts with the intestinal mucosa via receptors that activate innate immunity.
  • Alterations in gut microbiota composition can trigger inflammatory pathways relevant to celiac disease.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on the relationship between celiac disease and gut microbiota.
  • To explore the role of gut dysbiosis in the inflammatory processes of celiac disease.
  • To evaluate the potential therapeutic use of probiotics in managing celiac disease.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies investigating celiac disease and gut microbiota.
  • Analysis of evidence linking gut microbiota composition to immune responses in celiac patients.
  • Examination of research on the impact of gluten-free diets and probiotics on celiac disease-associated dysbiosis.

Main Results:

  • Celiac disease patients exhibit reduced beneficial gut bacteria and increased potentially pathogenic species compared to healthy individuals.
  • Gut dysbiosis, characterized by an altered microbial balance, is observed in celiac disease and may persist after adopting a gluten-free diet.
  • Studies suggest a link between gut dysbiosis and the inflammatory environment in celiac patients.

Conclusions:

  • Gut microbiota dysbiosis is implicated in the pathogenesis of celiac disease.
  • Probiotic interventions show potential in mitigating inflammatory responses and restoring gut microbial balance in celiac patients.
  • Further research is necessary to fully elucidate the role of gut microbiota and the clinical utility of probiotics in celiac disease management.