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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 28, 2026

Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Orbital Fractures
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Orbital apex disorders: a case series.

R E Warburton1, C C D Brookes1, B A Golden1

  • 1Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.

International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
|January 4, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Orbital apex disorders, including superior orbital fissure and cavernous sinus syndromes, share causes and treatments. Early recognition and management of these rare conditions are crucial for better patient outcomes.

Keywords:
cavernous sinus syndromemaxillofacial surgeryophthalmoplegiaoptic neuropathyorbital apex syndromeorbital compartment syndromeproptosisptosissuperior orbital fissure syndrome

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Neurology
  • Maxillofacial Surgery

Background:

  • Orbital apex syndrome (OAS) is a rare condition presenting with ophthalmoplegia, proptosis, ptosis, forehead hypoesthesia, and vision loss.
  • OAS is grouped with superior orbital fissure syndrome (SOFS) and cavernous sinus syndrome (CSS), differing in optic nerve and facial nerve involvement.
  • These syndromes share common etiologies, diagnostic pathways, and therapeutic approaches.

Observation:

  • This study presents three recent cases of orbital apex disorders.
  • A comprehensive literature review on the clinical presentation, etiology, and management of these conditions was conducted.

Findings:

  • Potential causes of orbital apex disorders include inflammatory, vascular, neoplastic, infectious, and traumatic processes.
  • Management strategies are primarily focused on addressing the underlying causative agent.
  • Despite historical distinctions, SOFS and CSS are closely related to OAS, sharing similar clinical courses.

Implications:

  • Timely recognition and diagnosis of orbital apex disorders are essential for effective treatment.
  • Understanding the shared characteristics of OAS, SOFS, and CSS aids in prompt clinical management.
  • Maxillofacial surgeons play a role in managing these complex orbital conditions.