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Related Concept Videos

Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery01:27

Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery

1.1K
Insulin preparations are categorized by their duration of action into short-acting and long-acting types. Two strategies are used to modify insulin's absorption and pharmacokinetic profile: slowing the absorption post-subcutaneous injection, or altering human insulin's amino acid sequence or protein structure. These changes retain the insulin's ability to bind to the insulin receptor, but alter its behavior in solution or after injection.
Short-acting insulins are divided into...
1.1K
Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects01:16

Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects

1.2K
Insulin-replacement therapy usually includes both long-acting insulin (basal) and short-acting insulin (to cater to postprandial needs). In a diverse group of type 1 diabetes patients, the average daily insulin dose is typically 0.5-0.7 units/kg body weight. However, obese patients and pubertal adolescents may need more due to insulin resistance.
The basal dose constitutes about 40%-50% of the total daily dose, with the rest as premeal insulin. The mealtime insulin dose should mirror...
1.2K
Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation01:25

Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation

1.9K
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of pancreatic β-cells synthesizes preproinsulin, which consists of a signal peptide, A and B chains, and a C-peptide. Preproinsulin is then cleaved and folded into proinsulin, which translocates to the Golgi apparatus for sorting and packaging into secretory granules. In these granules, enzymatic clipping generates insulin and C-peptide.
Damage or functional impairment of β-cells inhibits insulin production, leading to diabetes. Diabetes treatment...
1.9K
Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Glinides01:06

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Glinides

933
Repaglinide (Prandin) and Nateglinide (Starlix), known as glinides, are oral insulin secretagogues that stimulate insulin release from pancreatic β cells by closing the ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP channel). Repaglinide controls insulin release from pancreatic β cells by managing potassium efflux. It shares two binding sites with sulfonylureas and also has a unique site, indicating overlapping mechanisms of action. With a rapid onset and a 4-7 hour duration, it effectively...
933
Production of Pharmaceuticals01:30

Production of Pharmaceuticals

50
Industrial insulin production uses genetically engineered E. coli expressing a proinsulin gene controlled by a tryptophan promoter and containing a methionine linker for later cleavage. The cells also carry ampicillin resistance for selective growth. Seed cultures are stored at −80 °C and production begins by thawing a small amount to inoculate starter cultures, which are progressively scaled to a 50,000-L bioreactor. In the bioreactor, E. coli grow in nutrient-rich media under...
50
Hypoglycemia and Glucagon01:15

Hypoglycemia and Glucagon

1.3K
Without prolonged fasting, healthy individuals maintain blood glucose levels above 3.5 mM due to a well-adapted neuroendocrine counterregulatory system that effectively prevents acute hypoglycemia, a potentially life-threatening condition. The primary clinical scenarios for hypoglycemia encompass diabetes treatment, inappropriate production of endogenous insulin or insulin-like substances by tumors, and the use of glucose-lowering agents in non-diabetic individuals. Notably, hypoglycemia in the...
1.3K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 28, 2026

Insulin Injection and Hemolymph Extraction to Measure Insulin Sensitivity in Adult Drosophila melanogaster
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Insulin Injection and Hemolymph Extraction to Measure Insulin Sensitivity in Adult Drosophila melanogaster

Published on: June 30, 2011

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[Humalog® 200 U/ml KwikPen™].

A J Scheen

    Revue Medicale De Liege
    |January 6, 2016
    PubMed
    Summary

    Insulin lispro (Humalog®) offers improved diabetes management with faster action and flexibility. The new 200 U/ml formulation in a convenient pen enhances patient convenience and glycemic control.

    Area of Science:

    • Pharmacology
    • Endocrinology
    • Diabetes Mellitus Management

    Context:

    • Insulin lispro (Humalog®) was the first short-acting insulin analogue.
    • It offers a more favorable pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic profile compared to human insulin.
    • Available as Humalog® 100 U/ml and now Humalog® 200 U/ml.

    Purpose:

    • To evaluate the bioequivalence of Humalog® 200 U/ml compared to Humalog® 100 U/ml.
    • To highlight the improved pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic profile of insulin lispro.
    • To introduce the novel disposable KwikPen™ for enhanced patient convenience.

    Summary:

    • A pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic study confirmed bioequivalence between Humalog® 100 U/ml and Humalog® 200 U/ml.
    • Insulin lispro provides faster absorption, rapid glucose lowering, and reduced risk of delayed hypoglycemia.

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  • Humalog® 200 U/ml in the KwikPen™ offers improved convenience for patients requiring >20 units of prandial insulin daily.

    • Impact:

    • Improved postprandial hyperglycemia control and reduced risk of nocturnal hypoglycemia.
    • Enhanced patient quality of life due to flexible injection timing (pre- or post-meal).
    • The 200 U/ml formulation and KwikPen™ provide a more convenient and effective option for insulin therapy in type 1 and type 2 diabetes.