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Related Concept Videos

Antihypertensive Drugs: Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors01:30

Antihypertensive Drugs: Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), a vital component of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, is abundant in lung endothelial cells. ACE converts the inactive decapeptide, angiotensin I, into the active octapeptide, angiotensin II. This potent vasoconstrictor narrows blood vessels, increasing resistance to blood flow and elevating blood pressure. Angiotensin II also stimulates aldosterone production, encouraging kidney cells to reabsorb more sodium and water from urine, thereby increasing...
Antihypertensive Drugs: Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers01:30

Antihypertensive Drugs: Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers

In the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, a hormone called angiotensin II plays a crucial role. It binds to the AT1 receptors in vascular smooth muscles coupled with Gq proteins. The activation of these receptors activates an enzyme called phospholipase C, which releases two molecules: inositol trisphosphate and diacylglycerol. These molecules cause a chain reaction that leads to the phosphorylation of myosin light chains and promotes interaction between actin and myosin, leading to smooth...
Antihypertensive Drugs: Direct Renin Inhibitors01:25

Antihypertensive Drugs: Direct Renin Inhibitors

The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is an intricate physiological pathway involving numerous enzymes and hormones, including renin, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), angiotensin I and II, and aldosterone. Imbalances within this system increase the production of angiotensin II and aldosterone. Increased angiotensin II levels promote vasoconstriction and blood pressure elevation. Concurrently, higher aldosterone levels stimulate sodium and water reabsorption in the kidneys,...
Heart Failure Drugs: Inhibitors of Renin-Angiotensin System01:26

Heart Failure Drugs: Inhibitors of Renin-Angiotensin System

The activation of the sympathetic nervous system and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) contributes to cardiac remodeling, and inhibiting the RAAS is a pharmacological target in heart failure management. As a result, neurohumoral modulation is a crucial treatment principle for managing heart failure. This approach involves using medications like ACE inhibitors (ACEIs), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), β-blockers, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs), and neutral...
Rheumatic Heart Disease I: Introduction01:23

Rheumatic Heart Disease I: Introduction

Rheumatic heart disease or RHD is a chronic condition that results from rheumatic fever, causing permanent damage to the heart valves.Etiology and Risk FactorsIt primarily arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory disease that can develop after untreated or inadequately treated group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis. Streptococcus spreads through direct contact with oral or respiratory secretions. While the bacteria are the causative agents, factors like malnutrition, overcrowding, poor...
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Rheumatic Heart Disease III: Medical Management

Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) management can be divided into two main strategies: prevention and long-term management.Primary PreventionPrimary prevention focuses on timely diagnosis and management of group A streptococcal pharyngitis to prevent acute rheumatic fever. The most widely used antibiotic for treating this condition is intramuscular benzathine penicillin G.Acute Rheumatic Fever TreatmentThe primary treatment goal for a patient diagnosed with acute rheumatic fever is to suppress the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Preliminary Study on Acupuncture Combined with Grain-sized Moxibustion for Treating Rheumatoid Arthritis with Finger Joint Pain
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Preliminary Study on Acupuncture Combined with Grain-sized Moxibustion for Treating Rheumatoid Arthritis with Finger Joint Pain

Published on: May 16, 2025

Amiprilose hydrochloride for rheumatoid arthritis.

W G Riskin1, D B Gillings, J A Scarlett

  • 1University of Miami School of Medicine, Florida.

Annals of Internal Medicine
|September 15, 1989
PubMed
Summary

Amiprilose hydrochloride (HCl) demonstrated significant anti-inflammatory effects in rheumatoid arthritis patients, improving joint pain and swelling. This novel synthetic carbohydrate shows a favorable safety profile, suggesting potential as a new treatment for autoimmune diseases.

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An Adoptive Transfer Model of Rheumatoid Arthritis in Mice
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Last Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Preliminary Study on Acupuncture Combined with Grain-sized Moxibustion for Treating Rheumatoid Arthritis with Finger Joint Pain
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An Adoptive Transfer Model of Rheumatoid Arthritis in Mice
07:37

An Adoptive Transfer Model of Rheumatoid Arthritis in Mice

Published on: June 6, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Rheumatology
  • Immunology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by joint inflammation.
  • Current treatments aim to reduce inflammation and slow disease progression.
  • Novel therapeutic agents with anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties are needed.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the safety and efficacy of amiprilose hydrochloride (HCl) in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis.
  • To assess amiprilose HCl as a sole antirheumatic therapy.

Main Methods:

  • A 12-week, prospective, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
  • 201 patients with functional class I/II rheumatoid arthritis, previously untreated with disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs.
  • Patients received either amiprilose HCl (6 g/d) or placebo, with NSAID withdrawal and limited analgesic use.

Main Results:

  • Amiprilose HCl significantly improved joint pain, swelling, and grip strength compared to placebo (P < 0.05).
  • 41% of amiprilose patients met overall therapeutic response criteria vs. 21% for placebo (P = 0.003).
  • Adverse event rates were similar between groups; no serious adverse effects were noted besides one case of thrombocytopenia.

Conclusions:

  • Amiprilose HCl exhibits significant anti-inflammatory activity and a favorable safety profile in rheumatoid arthritis.
  • This synthetic carbohydrate represents a potential new class of drugs for inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.