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Obesity01:24

Obesity

1.5K
The Body Mass Index (BMI) is a numerical value derived from a person's weight and height, used to categorize individuals into weight ranges. It is calculated using the formula: weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared. Obesity is a health condition characterized by excessive accumulation of adipose tissue that poses health risks, often diagnosed with a BMI ≥ 30. This excess fat storage occurs when surplus dietary calories are converted into triglycerides and stored in...
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Pharmacokinetics in Obese Patients: Drug Metabolism and Excretion01:20

Pharmacokinetics in Obese Patients: Drug Metabolism and Excretion

281
Drug metabolism, a critical process in the liver, involves two primary phases: Phase I reactions and Phase II conjugation. Obesity introduces significant alterations in this metabolic process, primarily due to fatty infiltration of the liver, leading to conditions such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This condition can modify the activities of both Phase I and II enzymes, impacting how drugs are metabolized in obese patients.Phase I metabolism sees variable effects across...
281
Pharmacokinetics in Obese Patients: Drug Absorption and Distribution01:25

Pharmacokinetics in Obese Patients: Drug Absorption and Distribution

379
Obesity significantly alters the pharmacokinetic processes of drug absorption and distribution, presenting unique challenges in medical treatment. The increased fat tissue and decreased lean muscle in obese individuals can significantly affect how drugs are absorbed into the body and distributed across different tissues. This alteration can lead to variances in the effectiveness and safety of medications, necessitating adjustments in dosing or drug selection for obese patients.One notable...
379
Drug Dosing: Obese Patients01:21

Drug Dosing: Obese Patients

335
In the United States, obesity is a prominent concern. It is linked to heightened mortality rates due to increased occurrences of conditions such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, and diabetes compared to nonobese individuals. A patient is classified as obese if their actual body weight surpasses the ideal or desirable body weight by 20%, based on Metropolitan Life Insurance Company data. Ideal body weights consider average weights and heights for males and females...
335
Pathophysiology of Diabetes01:20

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

4.3K
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, with environmental factors potentially triggering this process in genetically susceptible individuals. Despite many not having a family history, certain genes increase susceptibility,...
4.3K
Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

5.5K
Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
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Updated: Mar 27, 2026

A Primary Human Trophoblast Model to Study the Effect of Inflammation Associated with Maternal Obesity on Regulation of Autophagy in the Placenta
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A Primary Human Trophoblast Model to Study the Effect of Inflammation Associated with Maternal Obesity on Regulation of Autophagy in the Placenta

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Obesity and Placental Function.

Leslie Myatt1, Alina Maloyan2

  • 1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon.

Seminars in Reproductive Medicine
|January 7, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Maternal obesity during pregnancy increases risks for adverse outcomes for both mother and child. The placenta plays a key role, showing dysfunction due to inflammation and oxidative stress in obese pregnancies.

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Medicine
  • Perinatal Medicine
  • Maternal-Fetal Medicine

Background:

  • Rising rates of maternal obesity in reproductive-aged women pose significant risks to pregnancy continuum.
  • Obesity is linked to increased adverse maternal and fetal outcomes such as preeclampsia, preterm birth, stillbirth, congenital anomalies, and macrosomia.
  • Maternal obesity predisposes mothers and offspring to long-term metabolic and cardiovascular diseases, with the placenta mediating these effects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of maternal obesity on placental function and fetal development.
  • To explore the role of inflammation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial function in placental dysfunction associated with obesity.
  • To examine sexual dimorphism in fetal response to the obese intrauterine environment.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of placental tissue from obese and lean pregnant women.
  • Assessment of placental inflammation, oxidative/nitrative stress markers.
  • Evaluation of trophoblast mitochondrial respiration and ATP generation.
  • Investigation of inflammation-mediated regulation of mitochondrial function with consideration of sexual dimorphism.

Main Results:

  • Obese pregnancies exhibit heightened inflammation and oxidative/nitrative stress in the placenta.
  • Placental dysfunction is evidenced by reduced mitochondrial respiration and ATP generation in trophoblast cells from obese mothers.
  • Sexual dimorphism exists in inflammation-mediated regulation of trophoblast mitochondrial respiration, with male fetuses potentially at greater risk.
  • Evidence suggests potential epigenetic alterations in the placenta due to the obese intrauterine environment.

Conclusions:

  • Maternal obesity significantly compromises placental function through inflammation, oxidative stress, and impaired mitochondrial activity.
  • The placenta acts as a critical mediator of the adverse effects of maternal obesity on fetal development.
  • The obese intrauterine environment may induce epigenetic changes, leading to altered placental function and potentially impacting offspring health long-term.
  • Sexual dimorphism in utero development suggests male fetuses may be more vulnerable to the consequences of maternal obesity.