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Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 27, 2026

Brain Infarct Segmentation and Registration on MRI or CT for Lesion-symptom Mapping
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A brain-lesion pattern based algorithm for the diagnosis of posttraumatic olfactory loss.

J Lötsch, N Reither, V Bogdanov

    Rhinology
    |January 7, 2016
    PubMed
    Summary

    Brain imaging can diagnose olfactory loss after head trauma. Damage to the olfactory bulb and left temporal lobe pole accurately predicts anosmia, aiding clinical diagnosis.

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    A Free-breathing fMRI Method to Study Human Olfactory Function
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    A Free-breathing fMRI Method to Study Human Olfactory Function

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    Area of Science:

    • Neuroscience
    • Medical Imaging
    • Neurology

    Background:

    • Olfactory processing brain regions show dynamic morphological changes.
    • Anatomical information can aid in diagnosing olfactory dysfunction.
    • Previous studies identified olfactory eloquent areas like olfactory bulbs and tracts.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop a brain-morphology-based algorithm for diagnosing olfactory loss after brain injury.
    • To establish a diagnostic tool for olfactory dysfunction following head trauma.
    • To integrate morphological data into olfactory loss diagnosis.

    Main Methods:

    • Assessed 41 head trauma patients and 23 controls using MRI for damage in 11 olfaction-relevant brain areas.
    • Determined olfactory function using a standardized, validated olfactory test.
    • Developed a diagnostic algorithm using classification and regression tree analysis of brain lesion patterns.

    Main Results:

    • Olfactory diagnoses (anosmia, hyposmia, normosmia) were predictable with 62.3% accuracy from olfactory bulb and left temporal lobe pole damage.
    • Anosmia could be predicted from damage in these brain areas with 81.3% accuracy.
    • Previously identified brain regions associated with olfactory loss were reproduced.

    Conclusions:

    • A novel algorithm for diagnosing anosmia from central nervous system damage was developed.
    • The study introduces a morphological component for diagnosing olfactory loss, particularly post-head trauma.
    • Morphological analysis of olfactory eloquent areas aids in diagnosing olfactory dysfunction.