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Related Concept Videos

Sutures of the Skull01:22

Sutures of the Skull

14.2K
The human skull is composed of several bones that come together to protect the brain and support the structures of the face. The junctions where these bones meet are called sutures.
Sutures are immobile joints between adjacent bones of the skull. The narrow gap between the bones is filled with dense, fibrous connective tissue that unites the bones. The long sutures located between the skull bones are not straight but instead follow irregular, tightly twisting paths. These twisting lines tightly...
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Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View01:14

Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View

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The superior view of the cranium shows the frontal and paired parietal bones.
The frontal bone is the single bone that forms the forehead. At its anterior midline, between the eyebrows, there is a slight depression called the glabella. The frontal bone also forms the supraorbital margin of the orbit. Near the middle of this margin is the supraorbital foramen, the opening that provides passage for a sensory nerve to the forehead. The frontal bone is thickened just above each supraorbital margin,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 27, 2026

Role of Diffusion MRI Tractography in Endoscopic Endonasal Skull Base Surgery
09:53

Role of Diffusion MRI Tractography in Endoscopic Endonasal Skull Base Surgery

Published on: July 5, 2021

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Updates in anterior skull base reconstruction.

M Geraldine Zuniga1, Justin H Turner, Rakesh K Chandra

  • 1Department of Otolaryngology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.

Current Opinion in Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery
|January 7, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Vascularized pedicled flaps, particularly the nasoseptal flap (NSF), are increasingly favored for reconstructing anterior skull base defects. These techniques help reduce complications like cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks in endoscopic skull base surgery.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurosurgery
  • Otolaryngology
  • Head and Neck Surgery

Background:

  • Anterior skull base defects present complex reconstructive challenges.
  • Endoscopic techniques offer minimally invasive approaches to the skull base.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize indications and surgical techniques for anterior skull base defect reconstruction.
  • To review the role of vascularized pedicled flaps in endoscopic skull base surgery.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent literature on skull base reconstruction techniques.
  • Comparison of vascularized pedicled flaps versus free-tissue grafts.
  • Analysis of factors influencing flap selection (defect size, CSF flow).

Main Results:

  • Vascularized pedicled flaps are gaining popularity for anterior skull base reconstruction.
  • Pedicled flaps may be superior for clival defects and high-flow cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks.
  • The nasoseptal flap (NSF) is a primary option, with alternatives available.

Conclusions:

  • Vascularized pedicled flaps, especially the NSF, significantly reduce complications in endoscopic skull base surgery.
  • Reconstruction choice depends on defect characteristics and CSF flow.
  • Multiple reconstructive options exist for diverse clinical needs.