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Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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Transcription Attenuation in Prokaryotes02:42

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Transcriptional attenuation occurs when RNA transcription is prematurely terminated due to the formation of a terminator mRNA hairpin structure.  Bacteria use these hairpins to regulate the transcription process and control the synthesis of several amino acids including histidine, lysine, threonine, and phenylalanine. Transcription attenuation takes place in the non-coding regions of mRNA.
There are several different mechanisms used to attenuate transcription. In ribosome mediated...
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Transcription01:10

Transcription

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Overview
Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. Additionally, many other proteins and regulatory sequences are involved in the proper synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA). Regulation of transcription is responsible for the differentiation of all the different types of cells and often for the proper cellular response to environmental signals.
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Transcription01:17

Transcription

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Transcription is the synthesis of RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. Additionally, many other proteins and regulatory sequences are involved in correctly synthesizing messenger RNA (mRNA). Transcriptional regulation is responsible for the differentiation of different types of cells and often for the proper cellular response to environmental signals.
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In eukaryotes,...
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RNA Splicing01:32

RNA Splicing

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Splicing is the process by which eukaryotic RNA is edited before its translation into protein. The RNA strand transcribed from eukaryotic DNA is called the primary transcript. The primary transcripts that become mRNAs are called precursor messenger RNAs (pre-mRNAs). Eukaryotic pre-mRNA contains alternating sequences of exons and introns. Exons are nucleotide sequences that code for proteins, whereas introns are the non-coding regions. In RNA splicing, introns are removed and exons are bonded...
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Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

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During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 27, 2026

Polysome Fractionation and Analysis of Mammalian Translatomes on a Genome-wide Scale
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Tunable protein synthesis by transcript isoforms in human cells.

Stephen N Floor1,2, Jennifer A Doudna1,2,3,4,5

  • 1Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States.

Elife
|January 7, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Human cells create diverse RNA versions, but protein production varies. New sequencing reveals specific RNA regions that control protein output, highlighting the importance of RNA diversity in gene expression.

Keywords:
RNA processingRNA-seqchromosomescomputational biologydeep sequencingengineered translationgeneshumansystems biologytranscript isoformstranslational control

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Polysome Fractionation and Analysis of Mammalian Translatomes on a Genome-wide Scale
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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Eukaryotic genes produce multiple RNA transcript isoforms via alternative processing.
  • The link between RNA diversity and protein output is complex due to differential translation of isoforms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between human transcript diversity and protein production.
  • To identify regulatory features controlling ribosome occupancy and translational output of specific RNA isoforms.

Main Methods:

  • Developed Transcript Isoforms in Polysomes sequencing (TrIP-seq) by fractionating polysome profiles.
  • Reconstructed transcript isoforms from each polysome fraction.
  • Identified 5' and 3' untranslated regions controlling protein production.

Main Results:

  • TrIP-seq analysis revealed regulatory features governing ribosome occupancy and translation of RNA isoforms.
  • Specific 5' untranslated regions demonstrated robust, cell-line-independent translational control.
  • Certain 3' untranslated regions conferred cell type-specific protein expression.

Conclusions:

  • Human cells exhibit a broad dynamic range of transcript-isoform-specific translational control.
  • Isoform-specific sequences within untranslated regions dictate protein output.
  • Transcript isoform diversity is crucial for accurately correlating RNA and protein levels.