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Related Concept Videos

Peripheral Nervous System: Ganglia and Nerves01:24

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The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) is a crucial component of the body's neural network, extending beyond the central nervous system (CNS) to bridge the gap between the CNS and the external environment. It encompasses nerves, ganglia, and sensory receptors.
Nerves
The nerve is a bundle of axons that serves as the communication highway in the PNS. Each nerve is ensheathed in a protective layer of connective tissue called the epineurium. This outermost layer safeguards the nerve and supports the...
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Sensory impulses related to touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception from various body parts, such as the limbs, trunk, neck, and posterior head, travel to the cerebral cortex through the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway. The pathway’s name derives from the two white-matter tracts that convey the impulses: the spinal cord's posterior column and the brainstem's medial lemniscus. First-order sensory neurons extend their axons into the spinal cord, forming the...
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Somatic sensory or somatosensory pathways refer to the neural pathways that carry information related to touch, pressure, pain, temperature, and proprioception from the skin, muscles, tendons, and joints to the brain. These pathways involve several stages of processing and integration of sensory information.
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The plexuses of the lower body include the lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal plexuses, which innervate the abdomen, pelvis, legs, and coccygeal region. These plexuses control the transmission of sensory information and coordinate motor functions of the lower body.
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Nerve plexuses are networks of interlacing nerves that serve as communication hubs to distribute and organize nerve action across various body regions. The nerve plexuses are organized into the cervical plexus located in the neck region, brachial plexus in the shoulder area, lumbar plexus found in the lower back, sacral plexus situated in the pelvis, and coccygeal plexus located in the coccygeal region.
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Related Experiment Video

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Implantation and Control of Wireless, Battery-free Systems for Peripheral Nerve Interfacing
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VLSI circuits for bidirectional interface to peripheral and visceral nerves.

Elliot Greenwald, Qihong Wang, Nitish V Thakor

    Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference
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    Summary

    This study introduces a new implantable device for sensing nerve signals and delivering electrical stimulation to nerves. The technology, based on very large scale integration (VLSI), is designed for peripheral and visceral nerve interfaces.

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    Area of Science:

    • Biomedical Engineering
    • Neuroscience
    • Implantable Devices

    Background:

    • Nerve signal sensing and functional electrical stimulation (FES) are crucial for treating various neurological conditions.
    • Current implantable systems face challenges in miniaturization, power efficiency, and biocompatibility.
    • Peripheral and visceral nerve stimulation offer therapeutic potential for organ function regulation.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To present a novel architecture for a fully implantable system capable of sensing nerve signals and delivering FES.
    • To leverage very large scale integration (VLSI) technology for a compact and efficient neural interface.
    • To evaluate the system's efficacy in stimulating peripheral and visceral nerves, including the vagus nerve.

    Main Methods:

    • Development of a Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI)-based architecture for neural sensing and stimulation.
    • Design of an implantable system compatible with microelectrode interfaces.
    • In-vivo testing of the stimulator on the vagus nerve and other visceral nerves.

    Main Results:

    • Successful demonstration of an architecture for bidirectional nerve interfacing.
    • The VLSI-based design enables a fully implantable system.
    • Preliminary testing on the vagus nerve shows promise for visceral nerve stimulation.

    Conclusions:

    • The proposed VLSI architecture provides a foundation for advanced implantable neural interfaces.
    • The system is amenable to interfacing with peripheral and visceral nerves for therapeutic applications.
    • Further evaluation is ongoing to explore the functional effects on innervated organs.