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Updated: Mar 27, 2026

Diagnosis of Musculus Gastrocnemius Tightness - Key Factors for the Clinical Examination
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Evidence-based indications for hindfoot endoscopy.

Pietro Spennacchio1, Davide Cucchi2,3, Pietro S Randelli1,4

  • 1IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Via Morandi 30, 20097, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy.

Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy : Official Journal of the ESSKA
|January 9, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The 2-portal hindfoot endoscopy technique is widely used for hindfoot pathologies. Evidence supports its use for posterior ankle impingement, subtalar arthritis, and retrocalcaneal bursitis, though higher quality studies are needed.

Keywords:
AnkleGrade of recommendationHindfoot endoscopyPosterior ankle arthroscopySystematic review

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Minimally Invasive Procedures
  • Foot and Ankle Surgery

Background:

  • The 2-portal hindfoot endoscopic technique is the predominant method for endoscopic hindfoot pathology treatment.
  • This technique was initially described by van Dijk et al. in 2000.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review existing literature on the 2-portal hindfoot endoscopy technique.
  • To assess the level of evidence supporting its use for current indications.

Main Methods:

  • A comprehensive literature review using the PubMed database.
  • Analysis of therapeutic studies on hindfoot endoscopy outcomes.
  • Classification of evidence levels (I-V) and grading of recommendations.

Main Results:

  • Posterior ankle impingement syndrome, subtalar arthritis, and retrocalcaneal bursitis show the strongest evidence (Grade Cf) for endoscopic treatment.
  • Adequate literature supports the 2-portal technique for most accepted indications.

Conclusions:

  • The 2-portal hindfoot endoscopy technique is supported by existing literature for common hindfoot conditions.
  • Future high-quality research is recommended to strengthen evidence-based practice.