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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 27, 2026

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The Extended Mirror Neuron Network: Anatomy, Origin, and Functions.

Luca Bonini1

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Mirror neurons (MNs) active during action execution and observation form a broad network. This system, including subcortical areas, supports higher cognitive and social functions by decoupling motor output.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Neuroscience

Background:

  • Mirror neurons (MNs) are brain cells active during both performing and observing actions.
  • Initially identified in macaque ventral premotor cortex (PMv) and inferior parietal lobule (IPL).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review evidence for an extended mirror neuron system beyond the classical PMv-IPL circuit.
  • To explore the role of self-action observation in mirror neuron system development and function.
  • To propose mechanisms for decoupling mirror neuron activity for advanced functions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing neurophysiological and neuroanatomical studies on mirror neurons in macaques.
  • Analysis of evidence for cortical and subcortical involvement in mirroring.
  • Examination of findings related to self-observation and mirror neuron tuning.

Main Results:

  • Mirroring involves a widespread network of cortical areas, potentially including subcortical regions like the basal ganglia.
  • Observation of one's own actions is crucial for the ontogeny and tuning of the adult mirror neuron system.
  • Cortical and subcortical mechanisms exist to decouple mirror neuron activity from motor output.

Conclusions:

  • The mirror neuron system is more extensive than previously thought, encompassing subcortical structures.
  • Self-observation plays a key role in the development and function of mirror neurons.
  • Decoupling mechanisms allow mirror neurons to support complex perceptual, cognitive, and social functions.