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Related Concept Videos

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling01:31

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling

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Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during...
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Bone Remodeling01:40

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Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
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Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification01:24

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Bone formation, or ossification, begins around the sixth to seventh week of embryonic development. Most bones develop from a cartilaginous template through the process of endochondral ossification. Cartilage formation begins when clusters of mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes. These chondrocytes proliferate rapidly and secrete an extracellular matrix that becomes encased in a membrane called the perichondrium. The resulting cartilage model provides a template that resembles the...
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Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health01:25

Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health

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The growth and maintenance of bone are regulated by a combination of nutritional factors, including vitamins, such as vitamin A, B12, C, D, and K.
Vitamin A
Vitamin A is involved in the process of bone remodeling. Retinoic acid, the active metabolite of Vitamin A, has nuclear receptors in osteoblasts and osteoclasts, which are involved in bone remodeling.
Vitamin B12
Vitamin B12 acts as a cofactor during the formation of osteoblast-related proteins, such as osteocalcin. Vitamin B12 plays a role...
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Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis01:21

Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis

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Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.
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Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

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Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
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Updated: Mar 27, 2026

Development of a Human Preclinical Model of Osteoclastogenesis from Peripheral Blood Monocytes Co-cultured with Breast Cancer Cell Lines
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An overview of osteocalcin progress.

Jinqiao Li1, Hongyu Zhang1, Chao Yang1

  • 1China Astronaut Research and Training Center, State Key Lab of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, P.O.Box 1053-23#, No. 26, Beijing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100094, China.

Journal of Bone and Mineral Metabolism
|January 10, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Osteocalcin is an endocrine hormone regulating metabolism and fertility. Its complex forms and receptor interactions suggest unexplored functions needing further research for clinical applications.

Keywords:
Energy metabolismInteractive regulationMale fertilityOsteocalcinProgress

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Bone Biology
  • Metabolic Research

Background:

  • Osteocalcin is increasingly recognized as an endocrine hormone.
  • Its roles in energy metabolism, male fertility, and brain development are suggested.
  • Detailed functions and mechanisms remain poorly understood, leading to conflicting research findings.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review 40 years of osteocalcin research.
  • To focus on osteocalcin structure, functions, receptors, and clinical relevance.
  • To reconcile discrepancies in existing osteocalcin studies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies over the past 40 years.
  • Analysis of osteocalcin structure (carboxylated and undercarboxylated forms).
  • Examination of osteocalcin's role in bone remodeling and osteoblast regulation.

Main Results:

  • Osteocalcin exhibits complex carboxylation states affecting its structure and function.
  • A putative receptor, GPRC6A, is widely expressed, suggesting broader physiological roles.
  • Discrepancies in clinical results may stem from variations in osteocalcin forms.

Conclusions:

  • Osteocalcin's diverse forms and extensive receptor expression indicate unexplored physiological functions.
  • Further comprehensive research is essential for understanding osteocalcin's mechanisms.
  • New discoveries hold potential for clinical applications and advancing physiological theory.