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Related Concept Videos

Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization01:25

Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization

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Crystallization is a phase transformation process in which crystals are precipitated from a supersaturated solution or formed from other sources. During crystallization, atoms or molecules arrange themselves into a well-defined, rigid crystal lattice to minimize energy.
Initiating crystallization involves manipulating the concentration of the solute and the temperature of the solution. Since crystal growth occurs when the ratio of concentration and solubility of the solute in the solvent...
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Recrystallization is a purification technique used to separate impurities from solid compounds. In this technique, no chemical reactions occur. Instead, it exploits physical properties only, specifically, the solubility differences between the desired compound and impurities, either at a single temperature or at different temperatures, and under other selected conditions. The solid-solution equilibrium (solubility equilibrium) of each component in the solution represents a binary phase...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 27, 2026

Protein Crystallization for X-ray Crystallography
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Protein Crystallization for X-ray Crystallography

Published on: January 16, 2011

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Current trends in protein crystallization.

José A Gavira1

  • 1Laboratorio de Estudios Cristalográficos, IACT (CSIC-UGR), Avda. de las Palmeras, 4. 18100 Armilla, Granada, Spain.

Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics
|January 10, 2016
PubMed
Summary

This review covers protein crystallization methods for producing high-quality crystals. It highlights advances for X-ray Free Electron Laser (XFEL), Microcrystal Electron Diffraction (Micro-ED), and neutron diffraction, focusing on laboratory-scale techniques.

Keywords:
BatchCounter-diffusionNeutronProtein crystallizationVapor-diffusionXFEL

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Area of Science:

  • Structural Biology
  • Biophysics
  • Crystallography

Background:

  • Proteins are complex colloidal systems with inherent sensitivity to environmental changes, complicating crystallization.
  • Understanding protein 3D structures is crucial for elucidating function and molecular interactions.
  • The challenge of crystallizing difficult proteins has spurred advancements across multiple scientific fields.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review protein crystallization techniques from a standard laboratory perspective.
  • To highlight recent developments in producing, identifying, and delivering high-quality protein crystals.
  • To discuss methodologies for challenging proteins requiring advanced structural biology approaches.

Main Methods:

  • Standard crystallization methods including batch, vapor diffusion, and counter-diffusion, with high-throughput adaptations.
  • Solution-based techniques like Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), Small-Angle Scattering (SAS), and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS).
  • Single-particle analysis methods such as Cryo-Electron Microscopy (Cryo-EM).

Main Results:

  • Discussion of intrinsic factors affecting protein crystallization, such as folded state and surface charge.
  • Overview of latest achievements in generating protein crystals suitable for X-ray Free Electron Laser (XFEL), Microcrystal Electron Diffraction (Micro-ED), and neutron diffraction.
  • Presentation of integrated approaches combining diverse structural biology techniques.

Conclusions:

  • Current advances enable the crystallization of biomacromolecules into nano-crystals for XFEL and Micro-ED, and large crystals for neutron diffraction.
  • Emphasis is placed on methodologies that are applicable and effective at the laboratory scale.
  • The convergence of techniques offers powerful strategies for tackling challenging protein crystallization problems.