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Related Concept Videos

Cranial Bones: Lateral View01:27

Cranial Bones: Lateral View

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The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions. The flattened upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting...
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Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View01:14

Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View

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The superior view of the cranium shows the frontal and paired parietal bones.
The frontal bone is the single bone that forms the forehead. At its anterior midline, between the eyebrows, there is a slight depression called the glabella. The frontal bone also forms the supraorbital margin of the orbit. Near the middle of this margin is the supraorbital foramen, the opening that provides passage for a sensory nerve to the forehead. The frontal bone is thickened just above each supraorbital margin,...
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Sutures of the Skull01:22

Sutures of the Skull

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The human skull is composed of several bones that come together to protect the brain and support the structures of the face. The junctions where these bones meet are called sutures.
Sutures are immobile joints between adjacent bones of the skull. The narrow gap between the bones is filled with dense, fibrous connective tissue that unites the bones. The long sutures located between the skull bones are not straight but instead follow irregular, tightly twisting paths. These twisting lines tightly...
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Overview of the Skull01:08

Overview of the Skull

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The cranium (skull) is the skeletal structure of the head that supports the face and protects the brain. It is subdivided into the facial bones and the brain case, or cranial vault. The facial bones underlie the facial structures, form the nasal cavity, enclose the eyeballs, and support the teeth of the upper and lower jaws.
The cranial vault surrounds and protects the brain and houses the middle and inner ear structures. This cavity is bounded superiorly by the rounded top of the skull, which...
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Overview of the Axial Skeleton01:09

Overview of the Axial Skeleton

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The skeleton is subdivided into two major divisions—the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton forms the vertical, central axis of the body. It includes all of the bones of the head, neck, chest, and back. It protects the brain, spinal cord, heart, and lungs. It also serves as the attachment site for muscles that move the head, neck, and back and for muscles that act across the shoulder and hip joints to move their corresponding limbs.
The axial skeleton of the...
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Tooth Anatomy01:21

Tooth Anatomy

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The human tooth enables us to eat a variety of foods, speak clearly, and even aid in shaping our faces. Teeth are composed of various elements that work together. Here's a detailed look at the anatomy of a human tooth.
The Crown, Neck, and Root
The visible part of the tooth is referred to as the crown. It's covered by enamel, the hardest substance in the human body. The crown is uniquely shaped for each type of tooth, allowing for different functions such as cutting, tearing, or...
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Related Experiment Video

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Clinical Examination Protocol to Detect Atypical and Classical Scrapie in Sheep
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Cranial morphology in the brachygnathic sheep.

T Eriksen1,2, M Ganter3, O Distl4

  • 1Institute of Anatomy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, D-30173, Hannover, Germany. tina.stender@tiho-hannover.de.

BMC Veterinary Research
|January 11, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Multivariate analysis of sheep craniofacial morphology identified three distinct facial types: normal, prognathia inferior, and brachygnathia inferior. This research helps distinguish malformations for better understanding of ovine jaw development.

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Related Experiment Videos

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Science
  • Animal Genetics
  • Comparative Anatomy

Background:

  • Phenotypically observed mandibular distocclusion in sheep suggests underlying craniofacial malformations.
  • Understanding these malformations is crucial for animal health and breeding programs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze craniofacial morphology in sheep with mandibular distocclusion.
  • To determine if different types of craniofacial malformations can be distinguished using multivariate analysis.

Main Methods:

  • Multivariate techniques including principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis were employed.
  • PCA was used to identify key variables in craniofacial morphology.
  • Cluster analysis categorized sheep into distinct facial types based on derived variables.

Main Results:

  • Principal component analysis identified 8 principal components explaining 82.72% of the variance.
  • Cluster analysis resulted in 7 clusters, defining 3 distinct facial types: Normal, prognathia inferior, and brachygnathia inferior.
  • Brachygnathic type characterized by a shortened mandible; temporomandibular joint correlations and molar/premolar malocclusions were observed.

Conclusions:

  • Craniofacial malformations in sheep can be categorized into distinct types using multivariate analysis.
  • Brachygnathia inferior is primarily associated with mandibular shortening, with implications for temporomandibular joint and dental occlusion.
  • Phenotypic distocclusion alone is not a definitive indicator of specific malformation types in sheep.