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Related Concept Videos

Atypical Pneumonia01:14

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Atypical pneumonia, often caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae, is a form of pulmonary infection that differs from the classical presentation of bacterial pneumonia in both its cause and clinical symptoms. Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a pleomorphic bacterium notable for its lack of a rigid cell wall. This structural characteristic imparts resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics and significantly influences the bacterium’s behavior within the human host.Other pathogens responsible for the disease...
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Pneumonia is an acute respiratory infection that targets the lungs, specifically the alveoli. These tiny air sacs, essential for oxygen exchange, become engorged with pus and fluid, severely hindering breathing, decreasing oxygen absorption, and causing significant pain and discomfort during respiration.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 27, 2026

Morphological and Compositional Analysis of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Induced by Microbial and Chemical Stimuli
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Pneumolysin activates neutrophil extracellular trap formation.

J G Nel1, A J Theron2,3, C Durandt3

  • 1Department of Haematology.

Clinical and Experimental Immunology
|January 11, 2016
PubMed
Summary

The pneumococcal toxin pneumolysin (Ply) activates neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation in human neutrophils. This vital NETosis may contribute to host defense or worsen pneumococcal infection severity.

Keywords:
NETosisToll-like receptor 4calciumchronic granulomatous diseaseneutrophilspneumolysinreactive oxygen species

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Microbiology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are crucial in host defense against pathogens.
  • Pneumolysin (Ply), a toxin from Streptococcus pneumoniae, is a key virulence factor.
  • The role of Ply in inducing NET formation requires further elucidation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the in vitro potential of pneumolysin (Ply) to activate neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation.
  • To characterize the dose- and time-dependency of Ply-induced NETosis.
  • To explore the mechanisms underlying Ply-induced NETosis, including cell viability and specific signaling pathways.

Main Methods:

  • Isolated human neutrophils were exposed to recombinant Ply (5-20 ng/ml).
  • NET formation was quantified using flow cytometry (Vybrant® DyeCycle™ Ruby) and spectrofluorimetry (Sytox® Orange).
  • Extracellular DNA, citrullinated histone, and myeloperoxidase were visualized via fluorescence microscopy (DAPI staining).

Main Results:

  • Ply significantly increased DNA release, citrullinated histone, and myeloperoxidase in a dose- and time-dependent manner.
  • NETosis was observed within 30-60 minutes of Ply exposure, affecting a subpopulation of neutrophils.
  • Ply-induced NETosis occurred without compromising neutrophil viability and independent of reactive oxygen species and Toll-like receptor 4.

Conclusions:

  • Pneumolysin directly induces vital NETosis in human neutrophils.
  • Ply-mediated NET formation represents a double-edged sword in pneumococcal infections.
  • The outcome of Ply-induced NETosis depends on the inflammatory context, potentially impacting host defense or disease progression.