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Metallic Solids

Metallic Solids

Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....

Ferromagnetism

Ferromagnetism

Materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt consist of magnetic domains, within which the magnetic dipoles are arranged parallel to each other. The magnetic dipoles are rigidly aligned in the same direction within a domain by quantum mechanical coupling among the atoms. This coupling is so strong that even thermal agitation at room temperature cannot break it. The result is that each domain has a net dipole moment. However, some materials have weaker coupling, and are ferromagnetic at lower...

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes

Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...

Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes

Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes

Tetrahedral Complexes
Crystal field theory (CFT) is applicable to molecules in geometries other than octahedral. In octahedral complexes, the lobes of the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals point directly at the ligands. For tetrahedral complexes, the d orbitals remain in place, but with only four ligands located between the axes. None of the orbitals points directly at the tetrahedral ligands. However, the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals (along the Cartesian axes) overlap with the ligands less than the dxy,...

Ionic Crystal Structures

Ionic Crystal Structures

Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...

Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria

Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria

Recrystallization is a purification technique used to separate impurities from solid compounds. In this technique, no chemical reactions occur. Instead, it exploits physical properties only, specifically, the solubility differences between the desired compound and impurities, either at a single temperature or at different temperatures, and under other selected conditions. The solid-solution equilibrium (solubility equilibrium) of each component in the solution represents a binary phase...

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From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

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2D Cocrystallization from H-Bonded Organic Ferroelectrics.

Donna A Kunkel¹, James Hooper², Benjamin Bradley¹

¹Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nebraska , Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0299, United States.

The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters

|January 12, 2016

Summary

Researchers created 2D hydrogen-bonded cocrystals using croconic acid (CA) and 3-hydroxyphenalenone (3-HPLN). Computational analysis revealed stable tetrameric building blocks, with potential for polar structures via cocrystallization.

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Measuring Magnetically-Tuned Ferroelectric Polarization in Liquid Crystals

Measuring Magnetically-Tuned Ferroelectric Polarization in Liquid Crystals

Published on: August 15, 2018

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Supramolecular Chemistry
Physical Chemistry

Background:

Room-temperature ferroelectric organic materials offer unique electronic properties.
Self-assembly is a key strategy for creating ordered molecular structures.
Understanding cocrystal formation is crucial for designing new functional materials.

Purpose of the Study:

To synthesize and characterize 2D hydrogen-bonded cocrystals of croconic acid and 3-hydroxyphenalenone.
To investigate the structural motifs and stability of these cocrystals.
To explore the potential for creating polar structures through cocrystallization.

Main Methods:

Self-assembly under ultrahigh vacuum conditions.
Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) for structural identification.
Density functional theory (DFT) for computational analysis.

Main Results:

Successful synthesis of 2D cocrystal polymorphs with varied stoichiometry.
Identification of a stable (CA)2(3-HPLN)2 tetrameric building block.
DFT calculations confirmed the energetic favorability of tetramers due to efficient packing and favorable electrostatic interactions.
Experimentally observed tetramers were non-polar, but computational studies indicated potential for polar structures.

Conclusions:

2D hydrogen-bonded cocrystals of CA and 3-HPLN can be formed via self-assembly.
The (CA)2(3-HPLN)2 tetramer is a stable building block in these 2D structures.
Cocrystallization offers a pathway to engineer heterogeneous structures with enhanced dipole moments and potentially metastable polar phases.