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Related Concept Videos

Spontaneity02:21

Spontaneity

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A spontaneous process is one that occurs naturally under certain conditions. A nonspontaneous process, on the other hand, will not take place unless it is “driven” by the continual input of energy from an external source. Processes have a natural tendency to occur in one direction under a given set of conditions. Water will naturally flow downhill (spontaneous process), but uphill flow (nonspontaneous process) requires outside intervention such as the use of a pump. Iron exposed to...
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Speciation Rates01:07

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Overview
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Second Order systems II01:18

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In an underdamped second-order system, where the damping ratio ζ is between 0 and 1, a unit-step input results in a transfer function that, when transformed using the inverse Laplace method, reveals the output response. The output exhibits a damped sinusoidal oscillation, and the difference between the input and output is termed the error signal. This error signal also demonstrates damped oscillatory behavior. Eventually, as the system reaches a steady state, the error diminishes to zero.
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Second Order systems I01:20

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A servo system exemplifies a second-order system, featuring a proportional controller and load elements that ensure the output position aligns with the input position. The relationship between these components is described by a second-order differential equation. Applying the Laplace transform under zero initial conditions yields the transfer function, showing how inputs are converted to outputs in the system.
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Spontaneous and Induced Mutations01:30

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Spontaneous mutations arise infrequently during DNA replication due to errors in the process. A key factor behind these errors is tautomeric shifts in nitrogenous bases, where bases transition from keto to enol forms or amino to imino forms. This shift can alter base-pairing rules, leading to mutations. Additionally, reactive oxygen species (ROS) arising from aerobic metabolism can damage DNA, resulting in depurination (loss of a purine base) or depyrimidination (loss of a pyrimidine base).
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Genetic Drift03:33

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Natural selection—probably the most well-known evolutionary mechanism—increases the prevalence of traits that enhance survival and reproduction. However, evolution does not merely propagate favorable traits, nor does it always benefit populations.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 27, 2026

Daily Transfers, Archiving Populations, and Measuring Fitness in the Long-Term Evolution Experiment with Escherichia coli
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The spontaneous market order and evolution.

Naomi Beck1

  • 1Max Planck Institute for the History of Science, Berlin, Germany.

Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences
|January 12, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Natural selection and spontaneous order both suggest order arises without a designer. However, this study argues Darwin's evolution and Hayek's spontaneous order are fundamentally different concepts.

Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Economics
  • Philosophy

Background:

  • Apparent design in nature and society does not necessitate a designer.
Keywords:
Adam SmithCharles DarwinCultural evolutionF.A. HayekGroup selectionInvisible hand

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  • Both Darwin's natural selection and spontaneous order theories challenge teleological explanations.
  • Key differences exist regarding morality, human agency, and directionality in evolution.