Neuroendocrinology of the pituitary gland

The hypophysial-portal chemotransmitter hypothesis of control of the anterior pituitary was first set forth in the 1940s on the basis of physiological studies of the effects of lesions of the hypothalamus, and of section of the pituitary stalk on pituitary function. Morphological demonstration of specific neuropeptide pathways in the hypothalamus, which project to the median eminence, and the chemical identification of releasing hormones in the hypothalamus have fully established this theory. Specific neuropeptides have been isolated which stimulate the secretion of ACTH (CRF, corticotrophin releasing hormone), TSH (TRH, thyrotropin releasing hormone), GH (GHRH, growth hormone releasing hormone), and the gonadotropins (LHRH, luteinizing hormone releasing hormone; GnRH, gonadotropin releasing hormone). Prolactin secretion is regulated by both an inhibitory hormone (dopamine), and by one or more releasing factors. A factor inhibitory to GH and TSH secretion has also been identified. All factors except for the prolactin inhibitory hormone (which is a biogenic amine) are peptides, all synthesized as part of large prohormones. These substances have all been introduced into medical and veterinary practice where they are useful for regulation of pituitary abnormalities, and study of normal physiology.