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Related Concept Videos

Forced Transdifferentiation01:28

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Transdifferentiation, also known as lineage reprogramming, was first discovered by Selman and Kafatos in 1974 in silkmoths. They observed that the moths’ cuticle-producing cells transformed into salt-producing cells. Many such cases of natural transdifferentiation occur in organisms. In humans, pancreatic alpha cells can become beta cells. In newts, the loss of the eye’s lens causes the pigmented epithelial cells to transdifferentiate into the lens cells.
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Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

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Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:13

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore...
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Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 27, 2026

Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Human Melanoma Tumor-infiltrating Lymphocytes
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Directed Dedifferentiation Using Partial Reprogramming Induces Invasive Phenotype in Melanoma Cells.

Nathalie Knappe1,2, Daniel Novak1,2, Kasia Weina1,2

  • 1Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.

Stem Cells (Dayton, Ohio)
|January 13, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Partial reprogramming of melanoma cells induces a reversible phenotype switch, enhancing invasiveness and lung colonization. This study identifies SNAI3 as a novel marker for melanoma progression and potential prognostic indicator.

Keywords:
DedifferentiationInvasionMelanomaPartial reprogrammingSNAI3

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Area of Science:

  • Cancer Biology
  • Epigenetics
  • Cellular Reprogramming

Background:

  • Cancer and cellular reprogramming share key features, with incomplete reprogramming linked to malignant transformation.
  • Dedifferentiation in melanoma correlates with therapy resistance, prompting investigation into its effects on cancer cells.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of induced partial reprogramming on melanoma cell plasticity.
  • To explore the potential of intermediate reprogramming states in understanding melanoma progression.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a murine model to study partial reprogramming of melanoma cells.
  • Analyzed cellular plasticity, invasive potential, and lung colonization in partially reprogrammed cells.
  • Performed global gene expression analysis to identify molecular markers.

Main Results:

  • Induced partial reprogramming caused a reversible phenotype switch in melanoma cells.
  • Partially reprogrammed cells exhibited increased in vitro invasion and in vivo lung colonization.
  • Identified SNAI3 as a novel invasion-related marker in human melanoma, correlating with tumor thickness.

Conclusions:

  • Partial reprogramming offers insights into melanoma pathogenesis and progression.
  • SNAI3 may serve as a prognostic marker for melanoma.
  • Further analysis of partially reprogrammed melanoma cells could reveal novel therapeutic targets.