Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Acute Kidney Injury IV: Diagnostic Studies and Prevention01:30

Acute Kidney Injury IV: Diagnostic Studies and Prevention

472
Accurate diagnosis and effective prevention are critical in managing Acute Kidney Injury (AKI), which is linked to high mortality rates ranging from 10% to 80%. Timely recognition of at-risk patients and careful monitoring can significantly reduce the likelihood of kidney damage.Diagnostic Assessments:The diagnostic process starts with a comprehensive medical history to identify prerenal, intrarenal, and postrenal causes.Prerenal causes, such as dehydration, hypotension, or blood loss, should...
472
Acute Pyelonephritis II: Diagnostic Studies and Management01:28

Acute Pyelonephritis II: Diagnostic Studies and Management

634
Introduction:For diagnosing acute pyelonephritis, a comprehensive patient history is collected to identify symptoms such as dysuria, frequent or urgent urination, flank pain, or costovertebral angle (CVA) tenderness that may suggest a kidney infection.Physical ExaminationDuring the physical examination, CVA tenderness is assessed. This involves gentle percussion over the costovertebral angle, where tenderness often indicates a kidney infection.Diagnostic TestsUrinalysis: Used to identify white...
634
Nursing Assessment of the Genitourinary System II: Inspection and Palpation01:26

Nursing Assessment of the Genitourinary System II: Inspection and Palpation

1.2K
The nursing assessment of the genitourinary (GU) system involves a systematic inspection and palpation to identify abnormalities in the kidneys, bladder, and surrounding structures.InspectionMouth: Inspect for signs of kidney dysfunction, such as stomatitis (inflammation of the mouth) and ammonia breath, which may occur in advanced kidney disease due to the buildup of urea, breaking down into ammonia.Skin: Check for pallor, which could indicate anemia caused by kidney disease. Look for...
1.2K
Urine Studies II: Urine Culture and Sensitivity Test01:26

Urine Studies II: Urine Culture and Sensitivity Test

2.1K
A urine culture and sensitivity test is a diagnostic procedure used to identify urinary tract bacterial infections and determine the most effective antibiotics for treatment. This test is generally preferred when a patient shows manifestations of a urinary tract infection, such as frequent or painful urination, cloudy or foul-smelling urine, or lower abdominal pain.Purpose of the TestThe primary goals of a urine culture and sensitivity test are to:Determine the specific bacteria causing the...
2.1K
Urinary Tract Infection III: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care01:30

Urinary Tract Infection III: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care

399
A healthcare provider can diagnose a urinary tract infection (UTI) through several methods:Medical History and Symptoms: The provider will take a detailed medical history and ask about symptoms such as frequent urination, burning sensation during urination, and lower abdominal pain.Urinalysis: A clean-catch urine sample is collected in a sterile container and tested for the presence of bacteria, white blood cells (leukocytes), nitrites, blood, and protein. The presence of leukocytes and...
399
Imaging Studies V: Intravenous Urography and Retrograde Pyelography01:22

Imaging Studies V: Intravenous Urography and Retrograde Pyelography

2.6K
IntroductionIntravenous Urography (IVU) and Retrograde Pyelography (RP) are important diagnostic imaging techniques used to evaluate the urinary system. These methods help identify structural abnormalities, obstructions, and functional issues in the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. Both procedures use iodine-based contrast media to enhance the visibility of urinary tract structures on X-ray images, though they differ in their methods and indications.1. Intravenous Urography (IVU)Intravenous...
2.6K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

C5a/C5aR1 mediates AKI-CKD transition by enhancing autophagy.

Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association·2026
Same author

Association of the ratio of non-HDL-cholesterol to HDL-cholesterol with clinical and pathological characteristics in diabetic kidney disease.

BMC nephrology·2026
Same author

The versatile roles of long non-coding RNAs in kidney disease.

Nature reviews. Nephrology·2026
Same author

A Target Trial Emulation to Investigate Kidney Protection from Statin Initiation in Adults with Normal Kidney Function.

Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN·2026
Same author

Finerenone in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease Due to Glomerular Diseases: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

JAMA·2026
Same author

Global Treatment Patterns for Immunoglobulin A Nephropathy in Adults: Results from a Real-World Survey.

Glomerular diseases·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 27, 2026

Measurement of BK-polyomavirus Non-Coding Control Region Driven Transcriptional Activity Via Flow Cytometry
11:54

Measurement of BK-polyomavirus Non-Coding Control Region Driven Transcriptional Activity Via Flow Cytometry

Published on: July 13, 2019

9.4K

Screening Algorithm for BK Virus-Associated Nephropathy Using Sequential Testing of Urinary Cytology: A Probabilistic

Maggie K M Ma1, Anskar Y H Leung, Kin Yee Lo

  • 1Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, SAR, China.

American Journal of Nephrology
|January 13, 2016
PubMed
Summary

A sequential two-stage screening approach using urine cytology and BK virus (BKV) serum PCR demonstrates favorable test performance and cost-effectiveness for detecting BKV-associated nephropathy in kidney transplant recipients.

More Related Videos

Author Spotlight: Developing a Bedside Protocol for Kidney and Genitourinary Ultrasonography
03:19

Author Spotlight: Developing a Bedside Protocol for Kidney and Genitourinary Ultrasonography

Published on: June 21, 2024

2.7K
Introduction of an Integrated Pathology Image Management, Artificial Intelligence, and Reporting System
05:33

Introduction of an Integrated Pathology Image Management, Artificial Intelligence, and Reporting System

Published on: July 11, 2025

1.4K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 27, 2026

Measurement of BK-polyomavirus Non-Coding Control Region Driven Transcriptional Activity Via Flow Cytometry
11:54

Measurement of BK-polyomavirus Non-Coding Control Region Driven Transcriptional Activity Via Flow Cytometry

Published on: July 13, 2019

9.4K
Author Spotlight: Developing a Bedside Protocol for Kidney and Genitourinary Ultrasonography
03:19

Author Spotlight: Developing a Bedside Protocol for Kidney and Genitourinary Ultrasonography

Published on: June 21, 2024

2.7K
Introduction of an Integrated Pathology Image Management, Artificial Intelligence, and Reporting System
05:33

Introduction of an Integrated Pathology Image Management, Artificial Intelligence, and Reporting System

Published on: July 11, 2025

1.4K

Area of Science:

  • Nephrology
  • Virology
  • Transplant Medicine

Background:

  • BK virus (BKV) nephropathy is a significant concern in kidney transplant recipients.
  • Early screening for BKV can improve patient outcomes.
  • Urinary cytology offers a potentially cost-effective screening method.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the test performance and cost-effectiveness of a sequential two-stage screening algorithm.
  • The algorithm combines urine cytology followed by BK virus (BKV) serum quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
  • To compare this approach against using urine cytology or serum viral load alone.

Main Methods:

  • A probabilistic model was used to assess test performance and screening costs.
  • Ninety-five kidney transplant recipients were included, with histopathology as the gold standard.
  • Performance metrics (sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value) were analyzed.

Main Results:

  • Sequential two-stage screening achieved high specificity (98%) with a slight decrease in sensitivity (75%) compared to individual tests.
  • Quantitative PCR alone showed 83% sensitivity and 91% specificity.
  • Urine cytology alone demonstrated 91% sensitivity and 74% specificity.
  • The two-stage approach is cost-effective when BKV-associated nephropathy prevalence is below 94%.

Conclusions:

  • The sequential two-stage screening strategy for BKV nephropathy is favorable in terms of test performance.
  • This combined approach offers significant cost efficiencies in clinical practice.
  • It represents a valuable tool for managing BKV in kidney transplant patients.