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Cold Stress Effects on Exposure Tolerance and Exercise Performance.

John W Castellani1, Michael J Tipton2

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Summary

Cold weather negatively impacts health and physical performance. This review covers how the body responds to cold and factors affecting cold tolerance and exercise capacity.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Physiology
  • Exercise Science

Background:

  • Cold exposure poses risks to human health, physiological tolerance, and physical performance.
  • Understanding cold's effects is crucial for safety and optimizing performance in cold environments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review physiological responses to cold exposure.
  • To examine factors influencing cold tolerance.
  • To assess the impact of cold on physical performance, particularly aerobic and strength/power.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of physiological and pathophysiological responses to short-term and long-term cold exposure.
  • Analysis of factors affecting cold tolerance (habituation, anthropometry, sex, race, fitness).
  • Review of studies on cold's impact on aerobic, strength, and power performance.

Main Results:

  • Cold exposure elicits physiological and pathophysiological responses, including cold shock and long-term adaptation.
  • Factors like habituation, body composition, sex, race, and fitness significantly influence cold tolerance.
  • Aerobic performance, strength, and power are degraded in cold environments, mainly due to decreased muscle temperature and altered metabolism.
  • Thermoregulatory fatigue can occur from combined stressors like exhaustive exercise.

Conclusions:

  • Cold significantly impairs physical performance through various physiological mechanisms.
  • Individual factors play a key role in determining cold tolerance.
  • Further research is needed on cold's impact on aerobic performance.