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Related Concept Videos

Muscles that Move the Head01:19

Muscles that Move the Head

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The muscles that move the head are a dynamic and complex group of structures that work together to facilitate a wide range of head movements, including rotation, flexion, extension, and lateral bending.
The bilateral sternocleidomastoid, or SCM, and the suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles are significant head flexors. The SCM muscles originate at the sternum and clavicle and attach to the mastoid process of the temporal bone. The SCM contracts bilaterally to bend the head forward, whereas...
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Muscles of the Anterior Neck01:26

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The anterior neck muscles are the group of muscles covering the front part of the neck. These muscles are classified into three subgroups. The first one is the superficial muscles, the most visible muscles in the front of the neck. It includes the platysma and sternocleidomastoid. The second group is the suprahyoid muscles, located above the hyoid bone. This group comprises the digastric, mylohyoid, geniohyoid, and stylohyoid. Lastly, the infrahyoid muscles are found below the hyoid bone and...
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The blood drainage from the head and neck is primarily managed by three pairs of veins: the external jugular, internal jugular, and vertebral veins. The external jugular veins drain superficial scalp and face structures, passing over the sternocleidomastoid muscles to empty into the subclavian veins.
On the other hand, the vertebral veins, unlike their arterial counterparts, are not primarily responsible for brain drainage. Instead, they drain the cervical vertebrae, spinal cord, and some small...
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Neurulation01:30

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Neurulation is the embryological process which forms the precursors of the central nervous system and occurs after gastrulation has established the three primary cell layers of the embryo: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. In humans, the majority of this system is formed via primary neurulation, in which the central portion of the ectoderm—originally appearing as a flat sheet of cells—folds upwards and inwards, sealing off to form a hollow neural tube. As development proceeds, the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 27, 2026

Assessment and Evaluation of the High Risk Neonate: The NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale
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A newborn with neck mass.

Rita Calado Pereira1, Laura Martins Barroso1, Maria José Mendes1

  • 1Hospital do Espírito Santo, Evora, PT.

Einstein (Sao Paulo, Brazil)
|January 14, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Congenital goiter, a rare neonatal neck mass, often indicates thyroid dysfunction. This case highlights primary hypothyroidism in a newborn, successfully treated with hormone replacement, likely due to thyroid dyshormonogenesis.

Area of Science:

  • Neonatal Medicine
  • Endocrinology
  • Pediatric Surgery

Background:

  • Congenital goiter presents as a rare neonatal neck mass.
  • It can arise from fetal thyroid hormone synthesis defects or maternal drug/iodide exposure.
  • Thyroid dysfunction frequently accompanies congenital goiter.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To report a case of congenital goiter with primary hypothyroidism in a term newborn.
  • To discuss the diagnostic approach and management of such cases.
  • To explore the potential etiology of hypothyroidism in the context of congenital goiter.

Main Methods:

  • Clinical case presentation of a male term newborn.
  • Diagnostic evaluation including hormonal assays.
  • Initiation of hormonal replacement therapy.

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Main Results:

  • The newborn presented with congenital goiter and primary hypothyroidism.
  • Hormonal replacement treatment normalized free thyroxine and triiodothyronine levels.
  • Maternal investigations were negative, supporting an intrinsic fetal cause.

Conclusions:

  • Congenital goiter in neonates warrants investigation for underlying thyroid dysfunction.
  • Thyroid dyshormonogenesis is a probable cause of primary hypothyroidism in this context.
  • Early hormonal replacement is crucial for optimal neurodevelopmental outcomes.