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Related Concept Videos

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

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An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
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Allergic reactions related to drugs are hypersensitivity responses driven by the immune system and bear no connection to the drug's therapeutic action. While drugs in isolation do not trigger an immune response, they can interact with endogenous proteins to form antigens. These antigens stimulate lymphocytes to produce antibodies. IgE-type antibodies attach themselves to mast cells. Upon subsequent exposure to the same stimulus, the antigen-antibody interaction is initiated, unleashing...
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Hypersensitivity, also known as a hypersensitivity reaction or allergic reaction, is a condition where the body's immune system reacts abnormally to a foreign substance. Such substances, that cause hypersensitivity are referred to as an allergen, could be something typically harmless to most people, like pollen or certain foods.
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Drug-related allergies are immune-mediated responses triggered by the administration of pharmacological agents. These hypersensitivity reactions are classified based on the immune mechanisms involved. The four primary types—Type I, II, III, and IV—are mediated by different immunological pathways and exhibit distinct clinical manifestations.Type I Hypersensitivity/ IgE-Mediated Reactions: Immunoglobulin E (IgE) immediately mediates Type I hypersensitivity reactions. Upon initial...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 27, 2026

Generation of Human Alloantigen-specific T Cells from Peripheral Blood
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A New Window into the Human Alloresponse.

Susan DeWolf1, Yufeng Shen, Megan Sykes

  • 11 Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY.2 Departments of Systems Biology and Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY.

Transplantation
|January 14, 2016
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Studying alloreactive T cells in transplants is hard. New T cell receptor sequencing methods combined with mixed lymphocyte reactions can now track these cells, aiding rejection and tolerance understanding.

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Measurement of T Cell Alloreactivity Using Imaging Flow Cytometry
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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Transplantation Immunology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Alloreactive T lymphocytes are key drivers of allograft rejection.
  • The extensive diversity of the HLA-alloreactive T cell repertoire complicates tracking these cells in transplant recipients.
  • Understanding the fate of alloreactive T cells is crucial for improving transplant outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the historical context, challenges, and recent advancements in studying alloreactive T cells.
  • To introduce high-throughput T cell receptor (TCR) sequencing as a novel method for tracking alloreactive T cells.
  • To describe a combined approach using mixed lymphocyte reaction and TCR sequencing for analyzing donor-reactive T cells.

Main Methods:

  • Review of historical assays for measuring alloreactivity.
  • Application of high-throughput T cell receptor (TCR) sequencing.
  • Integration of mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) with deep TCR sequencing for HLA-mismatched donor-recipient pairs.

Main Results:

  • High-throughput TCR sequencing offers new insights into alloreactive T cell dynamics.
  • The described MLR-TCR sequencing assay enables tracking of donor-reactive T cell repertoires.
  • This approach provides mechanistic insights into transplant rejection and tolerance.

Conclusions:

  • Advanced TCR sequencing assays overcome previous limitations in studying alloreactive T cells.
  • The MLR-TCR sequencing assay is a powerful tool for understanding T cell responses in transplantation.
  • This method holds potential for developing noninvasive biomarkers for transplant rejection and tolerance.