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Coccolithophore calcification was highest in the ancient, high-CO2 oceans. Declining CO2 levels then reduced calcification, but alkalinity may also regulate this process.

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Area of Science:

  • Paleoceanography
  • Marine geochemistry
  • Climate science

Background:

  • Marine algae, particularly coccolithophores, play a crucial role in global carbon cycling and atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) regulation.
  • Coccolithophores utilize carbon for photosynthesis and calcification, forming protective coccoliths (chalk platelets) around their cells.
  • The impact of ocean acidification on coccolithophore calcification and past carbonate chemistry changes remain areas of active research and debate.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between cellular calcification and the degree of coccolith calcification in marine algae.
  • To reconstruct and analyze the historical trends of size-normalized coccolith thickness over the past 14 million years in tropical oceans.
  • To understand the influence of past changes in ocean chemistry, including CO2 levels and pH, on coccolithophore calcification.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of size-normalized coccolith thickness from marine sediment cores spanning the last 14 million years.
  • Reconstruction of past ocean carbonate chemistry conditions, including pH and CO2 levels.
  • Integration of coccolith thickness data with alkenone sea surface temperature (SST) proxy records (ɛp) to infer environmental conditions.

Main Results:

  • Coccolith calcification reached its highest degree during the Miocene epoch, characterized by low-pH and high-CO2 conditions.
  • A significant decrease in calcification occurred between 6 and 4 million years ago, coinciding with declining CO2 levels.
  • Calcification trends reversed in the late Pleistocene, despite continued low CO2, indicating the involvement of other regulatory factors like alkalinity.

Conclusions:

  • Decreasing atmospheric CO2 levels appear to have partly driven reduced coccolithophore calcification by limiting bicarbonate availability for cellular processes.
  • The reversal of calcification trends in the late Pleistocene suggests that factors beyond CO2, such as ocean alkalinity, significantly influence calcification rates.
  • Understanding these past responses provides critical insights into the sensitivity of marine calcifiers to future oceanographic changes.