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Related Concept Videos

Homeostatic Imbalance01:10

Homeostatic Imbalance

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Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable internal environment within the body, which is crucial for the proper functioning of cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems. The body has various control mechanisms that work together to regulate various physiological parameters such as temperature, blood pressure, pH balance, and fluid balance, to name a few. These control mechanisms are based on feedback loops that can be either positive or negative.
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Positive and Negative Feedback Loops01:18

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Animal organs and organ systems constantly adjust to internal and external changes through a process called homeostasis ("steady state"). Examples of these changes include regulation of the level of glucose or calcium in the blood or internal responses to external temperatures. Homeostasis requires  maintaining an internal dynamic equilibrium:
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What is Homeostasis?01:16

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Maintaining homeostasis requires that the body continuously maintain its internal conditions. Each physiological condition has a particular set point, from body temperature to blood pressure to levels of certain nutrients. A set point is the physiological value around which the normal range fluctuates. A normal range is a restricted set of values that is optimally healthful and stable. For example, the set point for normal human body temperature is approximately 37°C (98.6°F).
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Many human characteristics, like height, are shaped by both nature—in other words, by our genes—and by nurture, or our environment. For example, chronic stress during childhood inhibits the production of growth hormones and consequently reduces bone growth and height. Scientists estimate that 70-90% of variation in height is due to genetic differences among individuals, and 10-30% of variation in height is due to differences in the environments that individuals experience,...
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Acid-base homeostasis is essential for maintaining normal physiological activities in humans. The pH of various body fluids is strictly regulated because it is critical for the optimal activity of enzymes involved in metabolic reactions. Enzymes are basically proteins, so, any significant change in pH can affect their structure and activity. In humans, pH is regulated using three primary mechanisms— chemical buffer systems, respiratory regulation, and renal regulation.
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Homeostatic Imbalances in Body Temperature01:19

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Hyperthermia occurs when the body's temperature becomes unusually high, often due to heat exposure, intense physical activity, or certain illnesses. This condition can create a dangerous cycle where elevated body temperature increases the metabolic rate, generating more heat and potentially leading to organ failure and brain damage. A severe form of hyperthermia, called heat stroke, can raise body temperature to life-threatening levels. Fever, on the other hand, is a controlled form of...
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Affect development as a need to preserve homeostasis.

Aslıhan Dönmez1, Mehmet Emin Ceylan1, Barış Önen Ünsalver2

  • 11 Department of Psychology, Üsküdar University, İstanbul, Turkey.

Journal of Integrative Neuroscience
|January 15, 2016
PubMed
Summary

This review proposes a five-stage model for the neural development of affect, linking it to brain evolution from reptiles to mammals. Affect integrates drives, emotion, and cognition through a multi-layered process.

Keywords:
Affect developmentaffective neuroscienceaffect–cognition interactionsbasic emotional systemshomeostasis

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Affective processes are central to human experience, yet their developmental origins remain incompletely understood.
  • Existing models often compartmentalize emotion, drive, and cognition, neglecting their integrated development.
  • Understanding affect's neural underpinnings is crucial for addressing various neurological and psychiatric conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a novel hypothesis on the multi-layered neural development of affect.
  • To propose a five-stage model of affect development, paralleling brain evolution from reptiles to mammals.
  • To integrate the roles of drives, emotion, and cognition in the emergence of affect.

Main Methods:

  • Review of neuroscientific evidence, including autonomic nervous system evolution.
  • Examination of the neural basis of raw affective states.
  • Analysis of the interaction between affect and cognition, including relevant brain areas and neurotransmitters.

Main Results:

  • A five-stage model is proposed: 1. Autonomic nervous system destabilization due to environmental challenges. 2. Emergence of drives from destabilized homeostasis. 3. Activation of basic emotional systems. 4. Evolution of emotions into affect for object investment. 5. Integration of cognition for object identification.
  • The model posits affect as a mediator between drives, emotion, and cognition.
  • Evidence from neuroanatomy, neurochemistry, and clinical examples supports the proposed developmental trajectory.

Conclusions:

  • Affect develops through a progressive, multi-layered process intertwined with brain evolution.
  • This model offers a cohesive framework for understanding the integration of basic drives, emotions, and cognitive functions.
  • Further research into the proposed stages and their neural correlates can illuminate affective disorders and inform therapeutic strategies.