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Related Concept Videos

Radiation Pressure: Problem Solving01:09

Radiation Pressure: Problem Solving

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The radiation pressure applied by an electromagnetic wave on a perfectly absorbing surface equals the energy density of the wave. The wave's momentum also gets transferred to the surface when an electromagnetic wave is entirely absorbed by it. The rate at which momentum is transmitted to an absorbing surface perpendicular to the propagation direction equals the force on the surface.
The average value of the rate of momentum transfer divided by the absorbing area represents the average force...
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Momentum And Radiation Pressure01:20

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An object absorbing an electromagnetic wave would experience a force in the direction of propagation of the wave. This force occurs because electromagnetic waves contain and transport momentum. The force accounts for the wave's radiation pressure exerted on the object. Maxwell's prediction was confirmed in 1903 by Nichols and Hull by precisely measuring radiation pressures with a torsion balance. The measuring instrument had mirrors suspended from a fiber kept inside a glass container.
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The shape of a small drop of liquid can be considered spherical, neglecting the effect of gravity. This drop can further be considered as two equal hemispherical drops put together due to surface tension. The forces acting on the spherical drop are due to the pressure of the liquid inside the drop, the pressure due to air outside the drop, and the force due to the surface tension acting on the two hemispherical drops.
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Radiation-pressure-induced nonlinearity in microdroplets.

Peng Zhang1, Sunghwan Jung1, Aram Lee2

  • 1Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA.

Physical Review. E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics
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Radiation pressure significantly deforms liquid droplets, inducing nonlinear optofluidic effects stronger than Kerr or thermal effects. This deformation, measurable with few photons, opens new avenues in nonlinear optics.

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Area of Science:

  • Optics and Photonics
  • Fluid Dynamics
  • Nonlinear Optics

Background:

  • High-quality factor whispering gallery modes (WGMs) in liquid droplets can trigger nonlinear optical effects.
  • Mechanisms include radiation pressure, Kerr nonlinearity, and thermal effects, but radiation pressure effects are under-investigated.
  • Understanding these nonlinearities is crucial for optofluidic applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate an analytical method for calculating droplet deformation caused by radiation pressure.
  • To compare the strength of radiation pressure-induced nonlinear effects with Kerr and thermal effects.
  • To investigate the potential for measurable WGM resonance shifts with minimal photon input.

Main Methods:

  • Analytical calculation of droplet deformation due to radiation pressure.
  • Numerical validation using the boundary element method.
  • Experimental considerations involving liquids with ultralow interfacial tension.

Main Results:

  • The analytical approach accurately predicts droplet deformation.
  • Radiation pressure effects are shown to be stronger than Kerr and thermal effects under realistic conditions.
  • Measurable WGM resonance shifts are predicted with only a few photons for liquids with low interfacial tension.

Conclusions:

  • Radiation pressure is a dominant nonlinear mechanism in WGM-resonating droplets.
  • The developed analytical method provides precise calculations for optofluidic droplet deformation.
  • Minimal photon counts can induce observable WGM shifts, highlighting the sensitivity of these systems.