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Related Concept Videos

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
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Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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Quadruple Immunostaining of the Olfactory Bulb for Visualization of Olfactory Sensory Axon Molecular Identity Codes
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A Functionally Conserved Gene Regulatory Network Module Governing Olfactory Neuron Diversity.

Qingyun Li1, Scott Barish1, Sumie Okuwa1

  • 1Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America.

Plos Genetics
|January 15, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A transcription factor network, including Rotund, BarH1/H2, Bab, Apterous, and Dachshund, patterns olfactory sensory organ precursor development in Drosophila. This network controls olfactory receptor neuron diversity by specifying precursor fates.

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Neuroscience
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Organisms require sensory neuron diversity to interpret complex environmental cues.
  • In Drosophila, 50 olfactory receptor neuron (ORN) classes are organized within sensilla subtypes, originating from a single sensory organ precursor (SOP).
  • The mechanisms by which SOPs acquire specific differentiation potentials for ORN diversity remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the transcription factor network governing sensory organ precursor (SOP) diversification.
  • To elucidate how this network establishes distinct olfactory receptor neuron (ORN) potentials.
  • To propose a molecular map of SOP fates and understand the generation of neuronal diversity.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of the Rotund (Rn) gene's role in SOP diversification.
  • Investigating the combined function of Rn, BarH1/H2 (Bar), Bric-à-brac (Bab), Apterous (Ap), and Dachshund (Dac) transcription factors.
  • Examining the proximodistal patterning of antennal imaginal discs using these transcription factors.
  • Assessing the impact of network modifications on sensilla subtype and ORN pool diversity.

Main Results:

  • Rn, Bar, Bab, Ap, and Dac form a conserved transcription factor network that patterns the developing olfactory system.
  • This network establishes precursor fields in concentric rings along the antennal disc's proximodistal axis.
  • Combinatorial TF codes, regulated by cross-interactions, define unique SOP fates and ORN differentiation potentials.
  • Modifications to this network predictably alter sensilla subtype and ORN pool diversity.

Conclusions:

  • A conserved transcription factor network, including Rn, Bar, Bab, Ap, and Dac, is crucial for patterning olfactory tissue and generating neuronal diversity.
  • This network acts as an early prepatterning gene regulatory network, modulating SOP and ORN diversity.
  • The study proposes a molecular map for SOP fate determination, illustrating conserved developmental strategies for neuronal diversity.