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Related Concept Videos

Spinal Nerves: Plexus I01:22

Spinal Nerves: Plexus I

3.5K
Nerve plexuses are networks of interlacing nerves that serve as communication hubs to distribute and organize nerve action across various body regions. The nerve plexuses are organized into the cervical plexus located in the neck region, brachial plexus in the shoulder area, lumbar plexus found in the lower back, sacral plexus situated in the pelvis, and coccygeal plexus located in the coccygeal region.
The Cervical Plexus
The cervical plexus, formed by the anterior rami of the first four...
3.5K
Arteries of the Upper Limbs01:12

Arteries of the Upper Limbs

3.0K
The subclavian artery transitions into the axillary artery as it exits the chest and enters the axillary region. This artery is critical for supplying blood to the shoulder area, including the head of the humerus, through the humeral circumflex arteries. As the vessel continues into the upper arm or brachium, it becomes the brachial artery. This artery plays a key role in vascularizing the brachial region and bifurcates at the elbow into several branches. These branches include the deep...
3.0K
Spinal Nerves: Plexus II01:21

Spinal Nerves: Plexus II

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The plexuses of the lower body include the lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal plexuses, which innervate the abdomen, pelvis, legs, and coccygeal region. These plexuses control the transmission of sensory information and coordinate motor functions of the lower body.
The Lumbar Plexus
The lumbar plexus is situated within the lumbar region of the back and is primarily formed by the first four lumbar spinal nerves (L1 to L4). This plexus extends its branches into several nerves, including the...
3.1K
Sites for measuring blood pressure01:21

Sites for measuring blood pressure

4.1K
Blood pressure measurement is a fundamental clinical procedure, providing crucial data for assessing cardiovascular health. Among the various sites for this measurement, the brachial and popliteal arteries are predominantly utilized due to their accessibility and the reliability of their readings. This lesson delves into the anatomical significance, methodology, and considerations of measuring blood pressure at these locations.
The Brachial Artery: Primary Site for Blood Pressure Measurement
4.1K
Flail Chest-I01:24

Flail Chest-I

1.0K
Overview of Flail Chest
Flail chest is a severe and potentially life-threatening condition characterized by the fracture of three or more adjacent ribs in multiple places. It is most commonly caused by direct impacts and trauma, such as motor vehicle accidents or injuries from a steering wheel impact. It can also occur due to falls in elderly individuals with osteoporosis, or assaults involving sharp objects.
Pathophysiology
The pathophysiology of flail chest is complex, involving fractures of...
1.0K
Blood and Nerve Supply to the Bones01:29

Blood and Nerve Supply to the Bones

14.6K
Bones are dynamic organs that require a rich supply of oxygen and nutrients. Around 5% to 10% of the cardiac output supplies blood to the bones. A typical long bone has three main sources: the nutrient artery, the metaphyseal and epiphyseal arteries, and the periosteal arteries.
Nutrient Artery
The nutrient artery is the main blood vessel that enters the diaphysis via the nutrient foramen. While most long bones have only one nutrient foramen, large bones, such as the femur, may have two. This...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 27, 2026

Methods for In Vivo Biomechanical Testing on Brachial Plexus in Neonatal Piglets
06:51

Methods for In Vivo Biomechanical Testing on Brachial Plexus in Neonatal Piglets

Published on: December 19, 2019

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Relationship between parity and brachial plexus injuries.

M A Clapp1, J Bsat1, S E Little1

  • 1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.

Journal of Perinatology : Official Journal of the California Perinatal Association
|January 15, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Multiparity does not reduce the risk of brachial plexus injuries in newborns. Clinicians often underestimate the birth weight of larger infants born to multiparous patients, a key factor in these injuries.

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Surface Electromyographic Biofeedback as a Rehabilitation Tool for Patients with Global Brachial Plexus Injury Receiving Bionic Reconstruction
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Structured Motor Rehabilitation After Selective Nerve Transfers
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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 27, 2026

Methods for In Vivo Biomechanical Testing on Brachial Plexus in Neonatal Piglets
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Methods for In Vivo Biomechanical Testing on Brachial Plexus in Neonatal Piglets

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Structured Motor Rehabilitation After Selective Nerve Transfers
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Area of Science:

  • Obstetrics
  • Neonatal Medicine
  • Pediatric Surgery

Background:

  • Brachial plexus injuries (BPIs) are a known complication of childbirth.
  • Risk factors for BPIs are not fully understood, prompting investigation into potential associations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between multiparity and the occurrence of brachial plexus injuries.
  • To compare characteristics of labor and delivery in multiparous versus nulliparous women experiencing BPIs.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective case series analysis of 78 brachial plexus injuries from October 2003 to March 2013.
  • Comparison of patient, infant, and delivery characteristics between women with and without prior vaginal deliveries.

Main Results:

  • Most BPIs (91%) occurred after vaginal delivery.
  • Women with prior vaginal deliveries had a slightly higher incidence of BPIs (5.7 per 10,000) compared to those without (4.0 per 10,000).
  • Multiparous patients had larger infants, with significantly underestimated birth weights by providers.

Conclusions:

  • Brachial plexus injuries occur with similar frequency in multiparous and nulliparous patients.
  • Prior vaginal delivery does not appear protective against BPIs.
  • Underestimation of birth weight in multiparous patients' infants is a significant concern.