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Related Concept Videos

Fractures: Bone Repair01:27

Fractures: Bone Repair

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Treatment for a fracture is based on the type of break, the bone affected, and the patient's age.
Minor fractures with no bone displacement are treated by immobilizing the fractured bone using a cast or splint. However, in the case of fractures with displaced bones, the broken bones are repositioned before immobilization to ensure successful healing without deformation and loss of function. The realignment of fractured bone ends is performed through a process called reduction. If the...
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Classification of Bones01:18

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The bones of the human skeletal system are of varied shapes, sizes, and functions. They can be classified based on their shape and function into four major classes: long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones. Some classifications include a fifth type, the sesamoid bones, as a separate class, whereas others categorize them under short bones.
Long and Short Bones
The appendicular skeleton, particularly the upper and lower limbs, is primarily made of long and short bones. The...
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Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

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Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
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Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age01:09

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The upper and lower limb initially develops as a small bulge called a limb bud, which appears on the lateral side of the early embryo. The upper limb bud appears near the end of the fourth week of development, with the lower limb bud appearing shortly after.
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Functional Classification of Joints01:09

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Functional Classification of Joints
The functional classification of joints is determined by the amount of mobility between the adjacent bones. Joints are functionally classified as a synarthrosis or immobile joint, an amphiarthrosis or slightly moveable joint, or as a diarthrosis, a freely moveable joint. Fibrous and cartilaginous joints can be functionally classified as either synarthroses  or amphiarthroses, whereas all synovial joints are classified as diarthroses.
Synarthrosis
An...
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Spongy Bone01:09

Spongy Bone

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All bones comprise an outer layer of compact bone, and an interior made up of spongy bone tissue, also called cancellous or trabecular bone. In long bones, spongy bone tissue is mainly found in the interior of the epiphyses (broad ends of the bone).
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 27, 2026

Pseudofracture: An Acute Peripheral Tissue Trauma Model
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Atypical fractures, a biased perspective.

Per Aspenberg1

  • 1Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine Orthopaedics, Linköping, Sweden.

Injury
|January 16, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Bisphosphonate medications can cause atypical femur fractures in elderly women, a risk identified early but obscured by vague terminology. Large studies confirmed this link, emphasizing appropriate use to prevent more fractures than are caused.

Keywords:
atypical fracturesbisphosphonatesosteoporosisproximal femoral fractures

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Pharmacology
  • Geriatrics

Background:

  • Bisphosphonate use has been linked to stress fractures in the femur among elderly women.
  • Initial estimations of absolute risk increase were available by 2008.
  • The introduction of the term 'atypical fracture' created ambiguity, obscuring the association with bisphosphonates.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To clarify the association between bisphosphonate use and atypical femur fractures.
  • To re-establish the link between bisphosphonates and these fractures through robust epidemiological data.
  • To evaluate the risk-benefit profile of bisphosphonates based on indication.

Main Methods:

  • Review of early risk estimations.
  • Analysis of the impact of 'atypical fracture' definition.
  • Large-scale epidemiological studies with radiographic adjudication.

Main Results:

  • Atypical fractures are predominantly caused by bisphosphonate use.
  • Epidemiological studies re-established the association despite initial ambiguity.
  • Bisphosphonates prevent more fractures than they cause with correct indications, especially in early years of use.

Conclusions:

  • Bisphosphonates are a primary cause of atypical femur fractures.
  • The benefits of bisphosphonates outweigh risks when prescribed for appropriate indications.
  • Incorrect indications for bisphosphonates likely lead to more harm than good.