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The tRNA Elbow in Structure, Recognition and Evolution.

Jinwei Zhang1, Adrian R Ferré-D'Amaré2

  • 1Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, 50 South Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. jinwei.zhang@nih.gov.

Life (Basel, Switzerland)
|January 16, 2016
PubMed
Summary

The tRNA elbow, a crucial structural element, is recognized by various cellular RNAs and proteins. Its conserved structure and biological importance are highlighted, despite its mysterious evolutionary origins.

Keywords:
RNA structureT-loopbase stackingconvergent evolutionribosometRNA elbow

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Structural Biology
  • RNA Biology

Background:

  • Transfer RNAs (tRNAs) possess a conserved L-shaped three-dimensional structure characterized by an
  • elbow
  • where D- and T-stem-loops interact.
  • This elbow region presents a flat face formed by a tertiary base pair, crucial for molecular interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the structural basis and biological significance of the tRNA elbow.
  • To explore the diverse recognition mechanisms of the tRNA elbow by various cellular components.
  • To investigate the evolutionary context and essentiality of the tRNA elbow.

Main Methods:

  • Structural analysis of tRNA elbow interactions.
  • Comparative analysis of recognition motifs across different RNA and protein binders.
  • Review of existing literature on tRNA elbow function and evolution.

Main Results:

  • The tRNA elbow is recognized by the ribosome, cellular RNAs (23S rRNA, ribonuclease P, T-box riboswitches), and proteins.
  • RNA recognition often involves an interdigitated T-loop motif, while protein interactions are more varied, sometimes involving disruption of the elbow.
  • Viral tRNA decoys have convergently evolved mimics of the tRNA elbow, underscoring its biological importance.

Conclusions:

  • The tRNA elbow is a biologically essential structural feature with diverse recognition strategies employed by cellular machinery.
  • Its conserved structure and interactions suggest a significant, though not fully understood, role beyond direct genetic information transfer.
  • The evolutionary origin remains enigmatic, but its critical function is evident from its mimicry in viral elements.