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Related Concept Videos

Anatomy of the Ear01:16

Anatomy of the Ear

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Auditory sensation, commonly called hearing, involves the transformation of sonic waves into neural impulses facilitated by the structures of the auditory organ. The prominent, flesh-like structure on the side of the head, called the auricle, directs sound waves towards the auditory canal. The auricle is often mislabeled as the pinna, a term more aligned with mobile structures like a feline's external ear. The auditory canal penetrates the cranium via the external auditory meatus of the...
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The Auditory Ossicles01:11

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The auditory ossicles of the middle ear transmit sounds from the air as vibrations to the fluid-filled cochlea. The auditory ossicles consist of two malleus (hammer) bones, two incus (anvil) bones, and two stapes (stirrups), one on each side. These bones develop during the fetal stage and are the ones to ossify first. They are fully mature at birth and do not grow afterward.
The aptly named stapes look very much like a stirrup. The three ossicles are unique to mammals, and each plays a role in...
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A 3D-printed functioning anatomical human middle ear model.

Ismail Kuru1, Hannes Maier2, Mathias Müller3

  • 1Institute of Micro Technology and Medical Device Technology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.

Hearing Research
|January 17, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a 3D-printed middle ear model for reproducible auditory experiments. This artificial model mimics human middle ear function and allows for simulating healthy or pathological conditions.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Acoustics
  • Medical Modeling

Background:

  • The middle ear is a complex structure vital for hearing.
  • Human temporal bones are standard models but have accessibility and variability issues.
  • A reproducible model is needed for middle ear research and device testing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To create an anatomically accurate and functional artificial middle ear model.
  • To establish a reproducible test environment for middle ear research.
  • To enable simulation of healthy and pathological middle ear conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized 3D-printing technology (Selective Laser Melting) for ossicles.
  • Employed silicone rubber casting for soft tissues within 3D-printed molds.
  • Segmented micro computed tomography (μCT) data for anatomical accuracy.
  • Conducted stapes footplate response and tympanometry tests.

Main Results:

  • The 3D-printed model demonstrated acoustic behavior similar to a human middle ear.
  • Transfer function showed a resonance frequency around 1 kHz with characteristic roll-off.
  • Tympanometry revealed compliance comparable to a healthy human middle ear.
  • Model's acoustic properties could be manipulated by varying silicone hardness (Shore 10-40 A).

Conclusions:

  • A functional, anatomically accurate artificial middle ear model was successfully created using 3D-printing and silicone molding.
  • The model provides a reproducible platform for auditory experiments and prosthetic device evaluation.
  • Further refinement is needed to address casing resonance and high-frequency roll-off for enhanced utility.