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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 27, 2026

A Macrophage Reporter Cell Assay to Examine Toll-Like Receptor-Mediated NF-kB/AP-1 Signaling on Adsorbed Protein Layers on Polymeric Surfaces

A Macrophage Reporter Cell Assay to Examine Toll-Like Receptor-Mediated NF-kB/AP-1 Signaling on Adsorbed Protein Layers on Polymeric Surfaces

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Human Milk Components Modulate Toll-Like Receptor-Mediated Inflammation.

YingYing He¹, Nathan T Lawlor¹, David S Newburg²

¹Program in Glycobiology, Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA.

Advances in Nutrition (Bethesda, Md.)

|January 17, 2016

Summary

Human milk contains bioactive components that regulate Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling, crucial for innate immunity. These components offer potential treatments for neonatal inflammatory diseases by modulating TLR pathways.

Keywords:

glycans human milk immune function inflammation toll like receptors

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Published on: September 4, 2012

Area of Science:

Immunology
Neonatal Medicine
Gastroenterology

Background:

Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling is fundamental to innate immunity.
Abnormal TLR expression is implicated in neonatal inflammatory diseases.
Human milk contains various bioactive components that modulate TLRs.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the role of human milk components in modulating TLR signaling pathways.
To explore the potential of these components in managing neonatal inflammatory conditions.

Main Methods:

Analysis of bioactive components in human milk.
Assessment of their impact on TLR expression and signaling pathways (TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR7).

Main Results:

Specific milk components like sialyl(α2,3)lactose and lacto-N-fucopentaose III can increase TLR signaling.
Other components, including soluble TLR2 (sTLR2), soluble CD14 (sCD14), lactadherin, lactoferrin, 2'-fucosyllactose, 3'-galactosyllactose, and β-defensin 2, inhibit TLR signaling.
Human milk consumption is associated with reduced risk of sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis in neonates.

Conclusions:

Human milk possesses potent anti-inflammatory properties mediated by TLR-modulating components.
These milk-derived compounds show promise for oral prophylactic and therapeutic use in TLR-mediated gastrointestinal inflammatory disorders.