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Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Stimuli-Activated01:30

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Stimuli-activated drug delivery systems are designed to release drugs in response to specific physical, chemical, or biological stimuli. These systems often utilize hydrogels—three-dimensional, hydrophilic polymer networks capable of swelling in aqueous environments and retaining significant fluid volumes. Upon exposure to particular stimuli, these hydrogels undergo structural transitions that allow the embedded drug to be released. Due to this adaptive behavior, such systems are also...
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Modified-release drug delivery systems improve drug efficacy and minimize side effects by controlling the rate and location of drug release. These systems fall into three categories: rate-programmed, stimuli-activated, and site-targeted.Rate-programmed systems release drugs at a predetermined rate, maintaining consistent therapeutic levels and reducing fluctuations that could lead to toxicity or subtherapeutic effects. These systems use polymeric matrices, reservoir-based designs, or osmotic...
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Polymeric carriers enhance targeted drug delivery by increasing efficacy while minimizing off-target effects. These carriers comprise a biodegradable polymeric backbone integrated with functional elements that enable targeting, improve physicochemical properties, and regulate drug release.Targeting MechanismsThe targeting ability of polymeric carriers is mediated by a homing device, which is a molecular recognition component designed to selectively bind to specific tissues or cells. Monoclonal...
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Site-targeted drug delivery systems enhance therapeutic efficacy while minimizing systemic toxicity and treatment costs. Unlike conventional methods, these systems ensure precise drug delivery, improving bioavailability and reducing side effects. Targeted drug delivery is classified into three levels. First-order targeting directs drugs to the capillary beds of specific organs or tissues. Second-order targets specific cell types, such as tumor cells, using receptor-mediated interactions.
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Rate-programmed drug delivery systems (DDS) are designed to release drugs at specific, controlled rates to maintain consistent therapeutic levels. These systems are categorized based on their release mechanisms, including dissolution-controlled DDS, diffusion-controlled DDS, and combined dissolution-diffusion-controlled DDS.In dissolution-controlled DDS, the release rate depends on the slow dissolution of the drug itself or the surrounding matrix. Drugs with inherently slow dissolution rates,...
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Smart micro/nanoparticles in stimulus-responsive drug/gene delivery systems.

Mahdi Karimi1, Amir Ghasemi2, Parham Sahandi Zangabad2

  • 1Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.

Chemical Society Reviews
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Smart micro/nanoparticles (MNPs) offer targeted drug delivery by responding to internal or external stimuli. These advanced nanomedicine tools are crucial for future cancer treatments and pharmaceutical applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Nanoscience and Nanomedicine
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Pharmaceutical Sciences

Background:

  • Tumor microenvironments and cellular differences present unique targets for drug delivery.
  • Micro/nanoparticles (MNPs) are emerging as key components in advanced nanomedicine.
  • Stimulus-responsive MNPs offer precise control over drug release.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in smart MNPs for controlled drug release.
  • To categorize smart MNPs based on their activation stimuli.
  • To highlight the future potential of these DDSs in pharmaceutical applications.

Main Methods:

  • Review of literature on stimulus-responsive micro/nanoparticles.
  • Categorization of MNPs by activation stimulus (physical, chemical, biological).
  • Discussion of various responsive mechanisms including pH, redox, thermal, magnetic, light, and ultrasound triggers.

Main Results:

  • Smart MNPs can be designed to respond to single or multiple stimuli for targeted drug delivery.
  • Examples include pH-sensitive polymers, redox-responsive micelles, and thermo-responsive nanoparticles.
  • Multi-responsive systems, like graphene nanosheets, offer enhanced control.

Conclusions:

  • Smart MNPs represent a significant breakthrough in site-specific drug delivery systems.
  • Understanding their mechanisms will accelerate nanomedicine development.
  • These advanced DDSs hold great promise for future pharmaceutical applications, particularly in oncology.