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Related Concept Videos

Hydration of Cement01:24

Hydration of Cement

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Hydration of cement is a chemical reaction between cement particles and water. This process occurs primarily through two mechanisms: through-solution and topochemical. In the through-solution process, anhydrous compounds dissolve into their constituents, hydrates form in the solution, and then precipitate from the supersaturated solution. The topochemical process involves solid-state reactions at the cement particle surface. The through-solution process dominates the topochemical process at the...
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Strength and Heat of Hydration01:29

Strength and Heat of Hydration

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The hydration of cement is an exothermic reaction in which heat is generated as cement hydrates. This heat of hydration is critical to cement's strength development. The rate at which this heat is generated affects the temperature rise, with a majority of the heat being released early in the hydration process, half within the first three days, and about 75% within the first week.
The heat of hydration for each cement compound is significant; for instance, tricalcium aluminate (C3A) and...
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Carbonation Shrinkage01:24

Carbonation Shrinkage

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Atmospheric CO2 penetrates the concrete's pores and, in the presence of moisture, forms carbonic acid, which then reacts with calcium hydroxide in the hydrated cement, forming calcium carbonate. This process reduces the concrete's volume and is termed carbonation shrinkage.
The concrete's permeability is slightly reduced as calcium carbonate produced during the reaction fills its pores. Furthermore, its strength is slightly enhanced as the water released during the reaction...
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Porosity in Cement Paste01:18

Porosity in Cement Paste

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The porosity of concrete is a measure of the void spaces within its structure. These spaces impact its strength and durability significantly. When water and cement interact, a chemical reaction called hydration creates a semi-solid paste. This paste includes combined water, making up approximately 23% of the cement's dry mass, and gel water, which fills minuscule voids known as gel pores, accounting for about 28% of the cement gel volume.
The balance of water to cement in the mix is...
547
Porosity and Absorption of Aggregate01:20

Porosity and Absorption of Aggregate

923
Aggregates contain pores of varying sizes; while some are completely enclosed within the particles, others open onto the surface, allowing water to penetrate. The porosity of aggregates is a major factor contributing to the overall porosity of concrete, given that aggregates constitute about three-quarters of concrete's volume.
When all pores in an aggregate are filled with water, the aggregate is considered saturated and surface-dry. If left in dry air, water will evaporate until the...
923
Transition Zone01:28

Transition Zone

456
The transition zone in concrete is a critical area where aggregate meets cement paste, marked by a distinct porosity and weakness compared to the surrounding material. The adhesion around the aggregates is primarily due to Van Der Waals forces. The voids within this zone influence its robustness; initially, it is less durable than the surrounding bulk mortar due to larger voids. Initially, when concrete is compacted, a higher water-cement ratio near the aggregates leads to the formation of...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 27, 2026

Calcium Carbonate Formation in the Presence of Biopolymeric Additives
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Hydration study from different calcium phosphate biocements with microstructure and nanostructure.

Priscila F Franczak1, Nelson H A Camargo1, Daiara Floriano-Silva1

  • 1Post-Graduate Program in Materials Science and Engineering-PPGCEM, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina-UDESC, Joinville, SC, Brazil.

Journal of Biomedical Materials Research. Part B, Applied Biomaterials
|January 19, 2016
PubMed
Summary

This study explored calcium phosphate biocements, finding they exhibit favorable hydration and molding properties. These characteristics are crucial for innovations in implant fixation and bone tissue repair.

Keywords:
biocementscalcium phosphatehydrationmicrostructure and nanostructure

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Materials Science
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Biocements offer key features like easy molding, wettability, and controlled hydration for biological applications.
  • Calcium phosphate biocements are of significant interest due to their bioactivity, biocompatibility, and structural similarity to bone apatite.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the hydration behavior of calcium phosphate biocements with varying Ca/P molar ratios (1.5, 1.6, 1.67, and 1.7).
  • To analyze the microstructural and nanostructural effects on biocement hydration.
  • To evaluate hydration times of 5 and 30 minutes on biocement properties.

Main Methods:

  • Hydration tests were conducted on four Ca/P compositions at a consistent solid/liquid ratio.
  • Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used for morphological observations.
  • X-ray diffraction (XRD) was employed for phase identification.

Main Results:

  • The biocements demonstrated similar hydration and gelling effects at both 5 and 30 minutes.
  • Favorable wettability and easy molding characteristics were observed across the tested compositions.
  • Microstructural and nanostructural analyses provided insights into the hydration mechanisms.

Conclusions:

  • Calcium phosphate biocements exhibit promising properties for surgical applications.
  • The observed wettability, hydration, and molding characteristics suggest potential innovations in implant fixation.
  • These findings support the use of calcium phosphate biocements in bone tissue repair strategies.