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Microorganisms play a critical role in the transformation and immobilization of uranium in contaminated environments through four main pathways: bioreduction, biosorption, bioaccumulation, and biomineralization. These mechanisms reduce uranium’s toxicity and prevent its migration through groundwater systems, offering sustainable approaches for in situ bioremediation.Bioreduction of UraniumBioreduction is driven by anaerobic bacteria such as certain strains of Geobacter and Shewanella,...
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Sulfur Assimilation01:20

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Sulfur is an essential element in biological systems, contributing to synthesizing key biomolecules, including amino acids such as cysteine and methionine, and cofactors such as coenzyme A and biotin. Microorganisms primarily assimilate sulfur as sulfate (SO₄²⁻) from the environment, which must undergo a series of biochemical transformations before it can be incorporated into cellular components. As sulfate is highly oxidized, it must undergo assimilatory sulfate reduction to...
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Microbes and Other Elemental Cycles01:24

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 27, 2026

Experimental Column Setup for Studying Anaerobic Biogeochemical Interactions Between Iron OxyHydroxides, Trace Elements, and Bacteria
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Earth Abides Arsenic Biotransformations.

Yong-Guan Zhu1, Masafumi Yoshinaga2, Fang-Jie Zhao3

  • 1Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, People's Republic of China; Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, People's Republic of China.

Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences
|January 19, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Arsenic biotransformation, driven by biological processes, influences its environmental fate and toxicity. This review explores arsenic

Keywords:
MSMAarsenicdegradationmethylationoxidationreductionriceroxarsone

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Geochemistry
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Arsenic is a prevalent toxic element globally.
  • Arsenic speciation dictates its environmental toxicity, mobility, and fate.
  • Biological processes significantly influence arsenic speciation changes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review arsenic biotransformation from an Earth formation and life evolution perspective.
  • To describe the connection between arsenic geochemistry and biology.
  • To provide a comprehensive overview of arsenic biotransformation mechanisms and implications.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on arsenic geochemistry and biology.
  • Analysis of molecular mechanisms of arsenic redox and methylation cycles.
  • Discussion of environmental remediation and food safety implications.

Main Results:

  • Arsenic speciation is intricately linked to biological processes.
  • Molecular mechanisms of arsenic redox and methylation cycles are elucidated.
  • Arsenic biotransformation impacts environmental remediation and food safety.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding arsenic biotransformation is crucial for managing environmental contamination.
  • Biological processes play a key role in mitigating arsenic toxicity.
  • Further research on arsenic biotransformation can enhance food safety and remediation strategies.