Cyclic Tritrpticin Analogs with Distinct Biological Activities

Tritrpticin is a Trp-, Arg-, and Pro-rich cathelicidin peptide with promising antimicrobial activity. Cyclic analogs of tritrpticin were designed using two different approaches: circularization of the backbone by a head-to-tail peptide bond (TritrpCyc) or disulfide bridging between two Cys residues introduced at the termini of the peptide (TritrpDisu). Compared to the parent peptide, TritrpCyc has greatly improved therapeutic potential, showing stronger bactericidal activities and diminished hemolytic activity. Unexpectedly, the opposite effect was observed for TritrpDisu, which has lost its antimicrobial activity and is very hemolytic. In a membrane mimetic environment, NMR spectra show that TritrpDisu adopts an amphipathic turn-turn structure similar to linear tritrpticin. The structure of membrane-bound TritrpCyc has some similarity to that of TritrpDisu; however, the lipid interactions were not sufficient to restrain the structure of the former peptide in a single well-defined conformation. To help explain the distinct biological properties of the analogs, experiments investigating alternative antimicrobial targets were pursued: the membrane bilayer, lipopolysaccharides, and DNA. Although the hemolytic activity of TritrpDisu can be explained by the peptide's ability to induce higher leakage from the model mammalian membranes, TritrpCyc and TritrpDisu show no significant differences in these functional assays. Overall, our studies show that TritrpCyc holds great promise as a candidate for further development toward antimicrobial therapy.