Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Crossing Over01:34

Crossing Over

174.1K
Unlike mitosis, meiosis aims for genetic diversity in its creation of haploid gametes. Dividing germ cells first begin this process in prophase I, where each chromosome—replicated in S phase—is now composed of two sister chromatids (identical copies) joined centrally.
The homologous pairs of sister chromosomes—one from the maternal and one from the paternal genome—then begin to align alongside each other lengthwise, matching corresponding DNA positions in a process...
174.1K
Crossing Over01:30

Crossing Over

7.2K
Crossing over is the exchange of genetic information between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis I. Genetic recombination gives rise to allelic diversity in the newly formed daughter cells. In humans, crossing over produces genetically distinct haploid egg and sperm cells that undergo fertilization to produce unique offspring. Before cell division starts, the germ cell’s chromosome(s) undergo duplication in the S phase of the cell cycle. As the cells enter prophase I,...
7.2K
Inheritance of Chromatin Structures03:17

Inheritance of Chromatin Structures

7.8K
Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying...
7.8K
Nondisjunction01:29

Nondisjunction

83.4K
During meiosis, chromosomes occasionally separate improperly. This occurs due to failure of homologous chromosome separation during meiosis I or failed sister chromatid separation during meiosis II. In some species, notably plants, nondisjunction can result in an organism with an entire additional set of chromosomes, which is called polyploidy. In humans, nondisjunction can occur during male or female gametogenesis and the resulting gametes possess one too many or one too few chromosomes.
83.4K
Nondisjunction01:21

Nondisjunction

5.7K
Nondisjunction is the failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate correctly and move to the opposite poles of the cells. This produces daughter cells with abnormal chromosome numbers.  Nondisjunction is common during anaphase I or anaphase II of meiosis.  Mutations in synaptonemal complex proteins that attach homologous chromosomes increase the chances of nondisjunction in anaphase I of meiosis I. In contrast, mutations in topoisomerases and condensins that hold...
5.7K
Position-effect Variegation02:32

Position-effect Variegation

7.3K
In 1928, a German botanist Emil Heitz observed the moss nuclei with a DNA binding dye. He observed that while some chromatin regions decondense and spread out in the interphase nucleus, others do not. He termed them euchromatin and heterochromatin, respectively. He proposed that the heterochromatin regions reflect a functionally inactive state of the genome. It was later confirmed that heterochromatin is transcriptionally repressed, and euchromatin is transcriptionally active chromatin.
7.3K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Symbiogenesis redicts the monism of the cosmos.

Progress in biophysics and molecular biology·2024
Same author

The synchronic, diachronic cell as the holism of consciousness.

Progress in biophysics and molecular biology·2024
Same author

The quantum cell.

Progress in biophysics and molecular biology·2024
Same author

The holism of evolution as consciousness.

Progress in biophysics and molecular biology·2024
Same author

The mobius strip, the cell, and soft logic mathematics.

Progress in biophysics and molecular biology·2023
Same author

The holism of cosmology and consciousness.

Progress in biophysics and molecular biology·2022

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 27, 2026

An Optogenetic Method to Control and Analyze Gene Expression Patterns in Cell-to-cell Interactions
07:59

An Optogenetic Method to Control and Analyze Gene Expression Patterns in Cell-to-cell Interactions

Published on: March 22, 2018

8.2K

Heterochrony as Diachronically Modified Cell-Cell Interactions.

John S Torday1

  • 1Evolutionary Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, 621 Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1606, USA. jtorday@ucla.edu.

Biology
|January 20, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Heterochrony explains evolutionary change via altered growth and development. Gene duplication, specifically of the Parathyroid Hormone-related Protein Receptor (PTHrPR), drove vertebrate adaptation to land, exemplified by lung evolution.

Keywords:
cell-cell signalingdiachronicevolutiongrowth factorgrowth factor receptorheterochronysynchronic

More Related Videos

Studying Cell Cycle-regulated Gene Expression by Two Complementary Cell Synchronization Protocols
12:02

Studying Cell Cycle-regulated Gene Expression by Two Complementary Cell Synchronization Protocols

Published on: June 6, 2017

28.7K
Cell-cell Fusion of Genome Edited Cell Lines for Perturbation of Cellular Structure and Function
07:30

Cell-cell Fusion of Genome Edited Cell Lines for Perturbation of Cellular Structure and Function

Published on: December 7, 2019

10.0K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 27, 2026

An Optogenetic Method to Control and Analyze Gene Expression Patterns in Cell-to-cell Interactions
07:59

An Optogenetic Method to Control and Analyze Gene Expression Patterns in Cell-to-cell Interactions

Published on: March 22, 2018

8.2K
Studying Cell Cycle-regulated Gene Expression by Two Complementary Cell Synchronization Protocols
12:02

Studying Cell Cycle-regulated Gene Expression by Two Complementary Cell Synchronization Protocols

Published on: June 6, 2017

28.7K
Cell-cell Fusion of Genome Edited Cell Lines for Perturbation of Cellular Structure and Function
07:30

Cell-cell Fusion of Genome Edited Cell Lines for Perturbation of Cellular Structure and Function

Published on: December 7, 2019

10.0K

Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Heterochrony, a concept in evolutionary theory, explains biological change through altered growth and development.
  • Cell-to-cell signaling, mediated by growth factors and receptors, dictates spatio-temporal patterns of morphogenesis.
  • Environmental shifts, like the vertebrate water-to-land transition, induce physiological stress, modifying signaling pathways.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the role of heterochrony in vertebrate evolution, particularly the water-to-land transition.
  • To investigate the molecular mechanisms, specifically gene duplication, underlying terrestrial adaptations.
  • To reframe lung evolution through a cellular-molecular signaling perspective.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of gene duplication events, focusing on the Parathyroid Hormone-related Protein Receptor (PTHrPR) gene.
  • Examination of cell-cell signaling pathways involving PTHrPR and Parathyroid Hormone-related Protein (PTHrP).
  • Integration of developmental (ontogeny) and evolutionary (phylogeny) data to understand functional homologies.

Main Results:

  • Environmental stress during the water-to-land transition triggered modifications in cell-cell signaling.
  • Duplication of the PTHrPR gene, amplified by PTHrP signaling, facilitated skeletal, lung, skin, kidney, and brain adaptations.
  • The evolution of the lung from the fish swim bladder is linked to PTHrPR amplification and conserved functions like surfactant production and mechanotransduction.

Conclusions:

  • Lung evolution can be understood as adaptive changes in the cellular-molecular signaling mechanisms governing its ontogeny and phylogeny.
  • PTHrPR gene duplication provides a molecular basis for heterochronic changes driving vertebrate terrestrial adaptation.
  • This study offers a novel cellular-molecular perspective on heterochrony and evolutionary adaptation.