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Related Concept Videos

Cognitive Learning01:21

Cognitive Learning

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Cognitive learning is based on purposive behavior, incidental learning, and insight learning.
E. C. Tolman's theory of purposive behavior emphasizes that much behavior is goal-directed. He argued that to understand behavior, we must look at the entire sequence of actions leading to a goal. For instance, high school students study hard, not just due to past reinforcement but also to achieve the goal of getting into a good college.
Tolman introduced the idea that behavior is influenced by...
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Observational Learning01:12

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Albert Bandura's observational learning, also known as imitation or modeling, occurs when a person observes and imitates another's behavior. It is a quicker process than operant conditioning. A well-known example is the Bobo doll study, where children who saw an adult acting aggressively towards the doll were more likely to act aggressively when left alone, compared to those who observed a nonaggressive adult. Many psychologists view observational learning as a form of latent learning...
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Steps in the Modeling Process01:14

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Albert Bandura's theory of observational learning identifies four critical processes: attention, retention, motor reproduction, and reinforcement or motivation.
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Naturalistic Observations02:30

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If you want to understand how behavior occurs, one of the best ways to gain information is to simply observe the behavior in its natural context. However, people might change their behavior in unexpected ways if they know they are being observed. How do researchers obtain accurate information when people tend to hide their natural behavior? As an example, imagine that your professor asks everyone in your class to raise their hand if they always wash their hands after using the restroom. Chances...
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Purposive Learning01:22

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E. C. Tolman emphasized the purposiveness of behavior — the idea that much of our behavior is goal-directed. For instance, employees who aim for a promotion work diligently to meet their targets. Tolman argued that when classical conditioning and operant conditioning occur, the organism acquires certain expectations. In classical conditioning, a child might fear a dog because they expect it to bite. In operant conditioning, a person might consistently work overtime because they expect a...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 26, 2026

Assessment of Social Cognition in Non-human Primates Using a Network of Computerized Automated Learning Device ALDM Test Systems
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More examples of chimpanzees teaching.

Matthew H Scheel1, Heidi L Shaw2, R Allen Gardner3

  • 1Department of Psychology,Carroll University,Waukesha, WI 53186.mscheel@carrollu.eduhttp://www.carrollu.edu/programs/psychology/faculty_profile.asp?id=243F0642072A.

The Behavioral and Brain Sciences
|January 21, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Darwinism highlights biological continuity. This commentary presents evidence of active teaching in chimpanzees, challenging claims of discontinuity between humans and other animals.

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Primatology
  • Animal Behavior

Background:

  • Darwinism posits biological continuity between species.
  • Claims of human-animal discontinuity often stem from a lack of evidence for complex behaviors in non-human animals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To argue against the notion of discontinuity between humans and other animals.
  • To provide evidence supporting biological continuity through observed chimpanzee behavior.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on Darwinism and animal behavior.
  • Presentation of observational data and examples of active teaching in chimpanzees.

Main Results:

  • Chimpanzees exhibit active teaching behaviors, demonstrating complex cognitive abilities.
  • The findings support the principle of biological continuity proposed by Darwinism.

Conclusions:

  • Observed teaching in chimpanzees provides evidence against human-animal discontinuity.
  • Further research into animal cognition strengthens our understanding of evolutionary continuity.