Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Psychosexual Stages of Personality: Genital01:23

Psychosexual Stages of Personality: Genital

2.1K
The genital stage is the final phase of Sigmund Freud's theory of psychosexual development, beginning at puberty, around age 12. During this stage, sexual energy shifts from self-focused interests to external individuals, marking the development of mature adult sexuality. Freud saw this phase as a time of sexual reawakening, with desires directed toward others outside the family. A healthy transition into this stage, according to Freud, signifies the emergence of two key aspects of adult...
2.1K
Menopause01:28

Menopause

5.1K
Menopause, a natural biological process marking the end of a woman's fertility, typically occurs between the fifth and sixth decade of life. This phase is characterized by the exhaustion of the ovarian follicle pool, leading to less responsive ovaries despite the high levels of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH). The consequential decrease in estrogen production results in symptoms like hot flashes, heavy sweating, headaches, hair loss, muscle pains, vaginal...
5.1K
Generalized Anxiety Disorder01:30

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

1.1K
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is a chronic condition characterized by excessive and uncontrollable worry that persists for at least six months, significantly interfering with daily functioning. Unlike situational anxiety, which arises in response to specific stressors, GAD often occurs without a clear cause. Individuals may experience disproportionate worry about work, health, or relationships. For instance, a person might continuously fear poor health despite normal medical evaluations or...
1.1K
Depressive Disorders: MDD and Dysthymia01:27

Depressive Disorders: MDD and Dysthymia

1.1K
Depressive disorders are a group of mental health conditions characterized by pervasive feelings of sadness, diminished pleasure in life, and a significant impact on daily functioning. These conditions are most prevalent in individuals during their 30s and affect women at twice the rate of men. Contrary to popular belief, younger individuals are generally more susceptible to these disorders than older adults. Two key types of depressive disorders include Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and...
1.1K
Psychosexual Stages of Personality: Phallic01:12

Psychosexual Stages of Personality: Phallic

2.2K
The third stage of psychosexual development proposed by Freud is the phallic stage, occurring between the ages of 3 and 6. During this period, children become aware of their bodies and the differences between males and females. The erogenous zone in this stage is the genitals, and conflicts arise as children develop desires toward the opposite-sex parent. Boys experience the Oedipus complex, where they desire their mother and view their father as a rival. This leads to castration anxiety, the...
2.2K
Disorders of the Male Reproductive System01:20

Disorders of the Male Reproductive System

5.4K
Men's health issues are increasingly recognized as significant, with several conditions posing common threats. Among these, testicular cancer is especially prevalent in younger men, particularly those aged 20 to 35 years. The disease often manifests as a painless mass in the testicles, sometimes accompanied by a sensation of heaviness or a dull ache.
Prostate disorders are another major concern. These conditions can impair urinary flow due to the prostate's location around the urethra....
5.4K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Cognitive-behavioral treatment of gender dysphoria in youth: Opportunities, challenges, and responsibilities.

Current opinion in psychology·2026
Same author

Appraisal of Sexual Life Among Midlife and Older Transgender People in The Netherlands Receiving Long-Term Gender-Affirming Medical Care.

Journal of sex & marital therapy·2026
Same author

Response to Letter to the Editor on "Standardized multidisciplinary care for children and adolescents with differences of sex development: a health intelligence approach".

The journal of sexual medicine·2026
Same author

Characteristics of Dutch Gender Clinic-Referred Adolescents Who Did Not Pursue Gender-Affirming Medical Treatment.

Journal of sex & marital therapy·2026
Same author

Gynecologic function and dysfunction in transmasculine and gender-diverse individuals using testosterone therapy: a systematic review.

American journal of obstetrics and gynecology·2026
Same author

"The World Is Not Ready for Us Yet" -Gender Minority Stress Experiences Among Nonbinary and Genderqueer Adults Seeking Gender Affirming Medical Care.

Journal of sex & marital therapy·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 26, 2026

Establishment of Rat Models Mimicking Gender-affirming Hormone Therapies
06:24

Establishment of Rat Models Mimicking Gender-affirming Hormone Therapies

Published on: January 10, 2025

1.7K

Gender Dysphoria in Adults.

Kenneth J Zucker1, Anne A Lawrence2, Baudewijntje P C Kreukels3

  • 1Gender Identity Clinic, Child, Youth, and Family Services, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada;

Annual Review of Clinical Psychology
|January 21, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Gender dysphoria (GD) involves persistent discomfort with assigned sex. Research explores its subtypes, prevalence, associated mental health conditions, and evolving treatment approaches in adults.

Keywords:
causal mechanismsgender dysphoriagender identity disordertranssexualismtreatment

More Related Videos

Treatment Model for Young Patients with Psychogenic Erectile Dysfunction and Resultant Infertility
04:22

Treatment Model for Young Patients with Psychogenic Erectile Dysfunction and Resultant Infertility

Published on: May 30, 2025

1.3K
Validation of a Psychosocial Intervention on Body Image in Older People: An Experimental Design
07:40

Validation of a Psychosocial Intervention on Body Image in Older People: An Experimental Design

Published on: May 31, 2021

4.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 26, 2026

Establishment of Rat Models Mimicking Gender-affirming Hormone Therapies
06:24

Establishment of Rat Models Mimicking Gender-affirming Hormone Therapies

Published on: January 10, 2025

1.7K
Treatment Model for Young Patients with Psychogenic Erectile Dysfunction and Resultant Infertility
04:22

Treatment Model for Young Patients with Psychogenic Erectile Dysfunction and Resultant Infertility

Published on: May 30, 2025

1.3K
Validation of a Psychosocial Intervention on Body Image in Older People: An Experimental Design
07:40

Validation of a Psychosocial Intervention on Body Image in Older People: An Experimental Design

Published on: May 31, 2021

4.3K

Area of Science:

  • Psychiatry
  • Endocrinology
  • Psychology

Background:

  • Gender dysphoria (GD) replaced gender identity disorder in DSM-5 (2013).
  • Subtypes of GD in adults vary by sexual orientation and age of onset, influencing developmental trajectories and prognoses.
  • Prevalence estimates for GD in adults range widely, with fewer than 1 in 10,000 males and 1 in 30,000 females affected.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of gender dysphoria in adults.
  • To discuss subtypes, prevalence, comorbidities, and causal factors.
  • To examine current and future treatment modalities for adult GD.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing research on gender dysphoria.
  • Analysis of diagnostic changes and epidemiological data.
  • Discussion of etiological theories and treatment standards.

Main Results:

  • GD is associated with significant comorbidity, particularly mood disorders, anxiety disorders, and suicidality.
  • Causal factors are multifactorial, likely involving genetic, neurodevelopmental, and psychosocial elements.
  • Treatment for GD, while largely standardized, is adapting to patient diversity and evolving understanding.

Conclusions:

  • Gender dysphoria in adults is a complex condition with varied presentations and significant mental health implications.
  • Understanding the interplay of biological, developmental, and psychosocial factors is crucial for effective management.
  • Future treatments will likely emphasize client autonomy and incorporate a broader understanding of GD.