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Melatonin, a natural antioxidant, shows protective effects against ionizing radiation damage in animal studies. Administered before radiation exposure, it reduced oxidative stress and improved survival, suggesting potential clinical applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Radiology
  • Oncology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Ionizing radiation, used in cancer treatment and imaging, causes oxidative stress and tissue damage.
  • Melatonin, a hormone, acts as a free radical scavenger and induces antioxidant enzymes.
  • This review explores melatonin's protective potential against radiation-induced damage.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review the scientific literature on melatonin's protective effects against ionizing radiation.
  • To discuss the clinical potential of melatonin as a prophylactic treatment for radiation damage.

Main Methods:

  • A systematic literature search was conducted for English-language studies.
  • Included studies investigated melatonin's effects against gamma or X-ray irradiation in vivo.
  • Studies with concomitant chemotherapy were excluded.

Main Results:

  • 37 experimental animal studies were included.
  • Exogenous melatonin reduced oxidative stress and inflammation in all tissues studied.
  • Melatonin increased 30-day survival and protected against radiation enteritis when given prior to irradiation.

Conclusions:

  • Melatonin effectively protects animal tissues from ionizing radiation injury.
  • Human studies are lacking but show potential for preventing radiotherapy side effects.
  • Potential applications include protecting against imaging radiation risks and nuclear incidents.