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Related Concept Videos

Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

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Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
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Bone Remodeling01:40

Bone Remodeling

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Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
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Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling01:31

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling

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Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during...
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Menopause01:28

Menopause

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Menopause, a natural biological process marking the end of a woman's fertility, typically occurs between the fifth and sixth decade of life. This phase is characterized by the exhaustion of the ovarian follicle pool, leading to less responsive ovaries despite the high levels of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH). The consequential decrease in estrogen production results in symptoms like hot flashes, heavy sweating, headaches, hair loss, muscle pains, vaginal...
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Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health01:25

Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health

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The growth and maintenance of bone are regulated by a combination of nutritional factors, including vitamins, such as vitamin A, B12, C, D, and K.
Vitamin A
Vitamin A is involved in the process of bone remodeling. Retinoic acid, the active metabolite of Vitamin A, has nuclear receptors in osteoblasts and osteoclasts, which are involved in bone remodeling.
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Vitamin B12 acts as a cofactor during the formation of osteoblast-related proteins, such as osteocalcin. Vitamin B12 plays a role...
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Essential Minerals for Bone Health01:31

Essential Minerals for Bone Health

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The minerals contained in all of the food we consume are essential for our organ systems. However, certain essential minerals, such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, and fluoride, largely affect bone health.
Calcium and Phosphorus
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 26, 2026

Author Spotlight: Integrating Traditional Chinese Medicine with Modern Pharmacology and Genomics for Assessing Postmenopausal Osteoporosis in Mice
07:20

Author Spotlight: Integrating Traditional Chinese Medicine with Modern Pharmacology and Genomics for Assessing Postmenopausal Osteoporosis in Mice

Published on: August 23, 2024

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Clinical Practice. Postmenopausal Osteoporosis.

Dennis M Black, Clifford J Rosen

    The New England Journal of Medicine
    |January 21, 2016
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Postmenopausal osteoporosis treatment effectively reduces fracture risk in women. Drug holidays may be considered after several years of bisphosphonate therapy for lower-risk patients.

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Mar 26, 2026

    Author Spotlight: Integrating Traditional Chinese Medicine with Modern Pharmacology and Genomics for Assessing Postmenopausal Osteoporosis in Mice
    07:20

    Author Spotlight: Integrating Traditional Chinese Medicine with Modern Pharmacology and Genomics for Assessing Postmenopausal Osteoporosis in Mice

    Published on: August 23, 2024

    1.1K

    Area of Science:

    • Gerontology
    • Endocrinology
    • Orthopedics

    Background:

    • Osteoporosis and fractures are prevalent in postmenopausal women, with hip fractures posing significant risks.
    • Treatment is indicated for postmenopausal women with low bone mineral density (T score ≤ -2.5), a history of fragility fractures, or high Fracture Risk Assessment Tool (FRAX) scores.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To summarize key clinical points regarding the management of postmenopausal osteoporosis.
    • To outline current treatment recommendations and available pharmacotherapies for osteoporosis.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of current clinical guidelines and evidence for osteoporosis treatment.
    • Analysis of the efficacy and safety profiles of major osteoporosis medications.

    Main Results:

    • Bisphosphonates and denosumab are effective in reducing hip, nonvertebral, and vertebral fractures; bisphosphonates are often first-line.
    • Teriparatide is effective for nonvertebral and vertebral fractures.
    • Rare adverse events like osteonecrosis of the jaw and atypical femur fractures are associated with treatment.
    • The overall benefit-to-risk ratio for osteoporosis treatment is favorable for most patients.

    Conclusions:

    • Osteoporosis treatment offers significant benefits for most postmenopausal women.
    • Drug holidays after 5 years of alendronate or 3 years of zoledronic acid may be considered for lower-risk individuals due to retained benefits.