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Related Concept Videos

Genetic Variation01:25

Genetic Variation

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Genetic variation is the diversity in DNA sequences found among individuals of the same species. This diversity is crucial for a species' survival because it helps organisms adapt to environmental changes. Genetic variation begins with fertilization, where an egg and sperm cell merge. Each of these cells carries 23 chromosomes, up to 46 in the fertilized egg. Chromosomes are long DNA strands that contain genes, the basic units of heredity.
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Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
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The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes. 
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 26, 2026

Identification of Mouse and Human Antibody Repertoires by Next-Generation Sequencing
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Genomic variation in the porcine immunoglobulin lambda variable region.

Xi Guo1, John C Schwartz1,2, Michael P Murtaugh3

  • 1Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1971 Commonwealth Avenue, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA.

Immunogenetics
|January 22, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Swine possess limited functional antibody genes, but allelic variation in immunoglobulin lambda variable (IGLV) genes may enhance population-level diversity. This variation could impact individual immune responses to pathogens and vaccines.

Keywords:
Allelic variationAntibody repertoireImmunologyLight chainPorcineSus scrofa

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Genetics
  • Veterinary Science

Background:

  • Antibody repertoire diversity is crucial for pathogen protection.
  • Swine have limited functional immunoglobulin V region genes, particularly for the light chain.
  • Allelic variation in immunoglobulin genes can influence repertoire diversity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize the allelic variation and functionality of porcine immunoglobulin lambda variable (IGLV) genes.
  • To investigate mechanisms contributing to antibody diversity in swine.

Main Methods:

  • Amplification and sequencing of intact IGLV genes from 81 pigs.
  • Analysis of mutational variation and identification of recombination hotspots.
  • Assessment of IGLV gene functionality and expression levels.

Main Results:

  • Observed mutational variation across porcine IGLV genes, including framework and complementarity-determining regions.
  • Identified three recombination hotspot motifs, suggesting non-allelic homologous recombination as a diversity mechanism.
  • Found greatest functional allele abundance in highly expressed IGLV3 and IGLV8 families.

Conclusions:

  • Population-level allelic variation in porcine IGLV genes helps maintain broad antibody repertoire potential despite limited germline gene segments.
  • Individual-level repertoire diversity may be reduced due to allelic variation, potentially leading to varied immune responses.
  • Understanding IGLV allelic diversity is critical for swine disease resistance and vaccine efficacy.