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Related Concept Videos

Development of the Limb Synovial Joints01:07

Development of the Limb Synovial Joints

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Joints form during embryonic development in conjunction with the formation and growth of the associated bones. The embryonic tissue that gives rise to all bones, cartilage, and connective tissues of the body is called mesenchyme.
The mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into chondrocytes that form the hyaline cartilage, and later the cartilaginous model of the bone. This model further transforms into a bone. This process is known as endochondral ossification.
During development, the limbs...
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Structural Joints: Synovial Joints01:16

Structural Joints: Synovial Joints

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Synovial joints are the most common type of joint in the body. A key structural characteristic for a synovial joint is the presence of a joint cavity. This fluid-filled space is where the articulating surfaces of the bones contact each other. Also, unlike fibrous or cartilaginous joints, the articulating bone surfaces at a synovial joint are not directly connected to each other with fibrous connective tissue or cartilage. This gives the bones of a synovial joint the ability to move smoothly...
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Knee Joint01:23

Knee Joint

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The knee joint is the most complicated joint in the body. It consists of three articulations– two tibiofemoral and one patellofemoral. As is characteristic of synovial joints, the knee joint has a thin articular capsule that partially surrounds this joint cavity. Additionally, several ligaments, muscles, and cartilaginous structures support the movement of the knee.
A total of seven ligaments support the knee joint. The patellar ligament, which is also attached to the quadriceps femoris...
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Joints01:26

Joints

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Joints, also called articulations or articular surfaces, are points at which ligaments or other tissues connect adjacent bones. Joints permit movement and stability, and can be classified based on their structure or function.
Structural joint classifications are based on the material that makes up the joint as well as whether or not the joint contains a space between the bones. Joints are structurally classified as fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial.
Fibrous Joints Are Immovable
The bones of a...
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Structural Joints: Cartilaginous Joints01:17

Structural Joints: Cartilaginous Joints

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As the name indicates, at a cartilaginous joint, the adjacent bones are united by cartilage, a tough but flexible type of connective tissue. Unlike synovial joints, these types of joints lack a joint cavity and involve bones joined together by either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage.
There are two types of cartilaginous joints:
Synchondrosis
A synchondrosis ("joined by cartilage") is a cartilaginous joint where bones are connected by hyaline cartilage. Synchondrosis may be temporary...
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Functional Classification of Joints01:09

Functional Classification of Joints

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Functional Classification of Joints
The functional classification of joints is determined by the amount of mobility between the adjacent bones. Joints are functionally classified as a synarthrosis or immobile joint, an amphiarthrosis or slightly moveable joint, or as a diarthrosis, a freely moveable joint. Fibrous and cartilaginous joints can be functionally classified as either synarthroses  or amphiarthroses, whereas all synovial joints are classified as diarthroses.
Synarthrosis
An...
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Related Experiment Video

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Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty
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Formation of a physiological reverse shoulder joint.

Markus Lerner1, Ismail Turkmen2, Ludger Bernd1

  • 1Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Hospital Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany.

BMJ Case Reports
|January 22, 2016
PubMed
Summary

This case study reports the first instance of a physiological reverse shoulder joint deformity. This rare congenital condition affects the shoulder joint, presenting unique clinical and radiological findings.

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopaedic Surgery
  • Human Anatomy
  • Biomechanical Engineering

Background:

  • Congenital shoulder deformities are uncommon in clinical practice.
  • Proximal humeral defects and glenoid hypoplasia are documented individually.
  • A comprehensive understanding of combined congenital shoulder anomalies is limited.

Observation:

  • A 31-year-old female patient presented with cosmetic concerns regarding her upper arm.
  • Clinical examination revealed a significant deformity of the shoulder joint.
  • Radiological imaging confirmed an unusual configuration of the proximal humerus and glenoid.

Findings:

  • The patient was diagnosed with a physiological reverse shoulder joint deformity.
  • This represents the first reported case of such a specific congenital condition.
  • Detailed clinical, radiological, and biomechanical data were collected and analyzed.

Implications:

  • This case expands the understanding of congenital shoulder anomalies.
  • It highlights the importance of recognizing rare presentations in orthopaedic practice.
  • Further research into the biomechanics and management of reverse shoulder deformities is warranted.